Mechanical Engineering Applied For Vehicles Past,...

Mechanical Engineering Applied In Vehicles: Past, Present and Future Lidong Chen, Xiaotong Du and Zeyu Cheng Introduction Mechanical engineering is an applied discipline which is based on related natural and technical science and combined with technical experience from production practice, aiming to research and solve both theoretical and practical problems in machine’s design, exploitation, fabrication, application and maintenance. Mechanical engineering is a useful subject in many aspects. Firstly, it can help individuals to know more about the fundamental of the world and improve their self-cultivation, which in turn will push the subject’s development as well. In addition to this, it does a lot of good to our society too. With the development of mechanical technology, the traffic and construction safety has improved a lot, and so does the safety of production, especially in the situation of highly dangerous operation. These facts bring about a high level of social stability and harmony. Then, to the whole world, it has been playing a very important role in various areas. To trace the history, the simple machines which were used to build the pyramid, the steamer which was improved in the Industrial Revolution and the internal combustion engine which occurred in the second Industrial Revolution are all products of mechanical engineering. Today, mechanical engineering benefits the whole world a lot, especially in the revolution of transport. It helps improve theShow MoreRelatedRecent Trends Of Catalytic Converter For Automobile1586 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology is needed to control auto exhaust pollution problem so as to meet the emission standards set up by government legislation and the upcoming more stringent norms. The catalytic converter is successfully utilized to control air pollution from vehicle emissions. Catalytic Converter are manufactured based on platinum, palladium and rhodium catalyst but they are very much costly and rarely available. Recent work in catalytic converter are, instead of using these material non-noble material areRead MoreKkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk6406 Words   |  26 PagesAutomotive Engineering Advising Document Master of Engineering in Automotive Engineering CURRICULUM Systems Engineering Core Engineering Electives Management and Human Factors Automotive Engineering Seminar and Capstone Project TOTAL PROGRAM: Semester Credit 9 9 6 6 30 The M. Eng. Degree in Automotive Engineering requires a total of 30 credits—27 of which must be letter (A-E) graded. A minimum grade point average of 5.0/9.0 (â€Å"B† average) is required for graduation. Of the 30 credit hours, 24Read MoreMercedes-Benz Cars1782 Words   |  8 PagesMercedes-Benz entails a plethora of thoughts from elegance to performance. Mercedes has a connotation of being the quintessential form of a German-made car. They combine luxury and performance to make the perfect vehicle. The best or nothing, the slogan for Mercedes-Benz sums up the past, present, and future for their company. The company’s two founders, (Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler) have been making history since the year 1886 (A Star). The timeless body styling of all Mercedes-Benz models require noRead MoreEddy Current Braking System4987 Words   |  20 PagesInternational Journal of Applied Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2277-212X (Online) An Online International Journal A vailable at http://www.cibtech.org/jet.htm 2011 Vol. 1 (1) January-April/ pp104-113/Tripathi and Raj. Research Article EDDY CURRENT BRAKING EMBEDDED SYSTEM *Virendra Kumar Maurya1, Rituraj Jalan1, H. P. Agarwal1, S. H. Abdi2, Dharmendra Pal2, G. Tripathi2 and S. Jagan Raj3 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Shekhawati Engineering College, Dundlod, Rajasthan, India 2 DepartmentRead MoreHydrogen Super Highway9917 Words   |  40 PagesPrashant Zanwar University of Central Florida I. Introduction To Maglev Technology And Application 1.1 Principle of Maglev System Maglev is a system in which the vehicle runs levitated from the guideway (corresponding to the rail tracks of conventional railways) by using electromagnetic forces between superconducting magnets on board the vehicle and coils on the ground. The following is a general explanation of the principle of Maglev. fig. 1.1 1.1.1 Magnetic Levitation The 8 figured levitation coilsRead MoreMechanical Engineering Career Paper7307 Words   |  30 Pages| Mechanical EngineeringRobert MolinowskiVocollect703 Rodi Road, Pittsburgh, PA, 15235(412) 829-8145 | | | | | Pd. 6/7 Career Paper December 15, 2011 Mechanical Engineering According to projected job employment in the year, 2018, mechanical engineering will have an estimated quarter of a million jobs nationwide. This is an increase of roughly 6% between 2008 and 2018. As the need for better, more economical necessities, a needRead MoreAerodynamic Characteristics Of A Circulation Control Wing3422 Words   |  14 Pages Undergraduate Research Prajeepkumar G Nair ID: 3767986 Prof: Yiding Cao EML 4911 Undergrad Research Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department Florida International University September 19th, 2014 Abstract The aerodynamic characteristics of a Circulation Control Wing (CCW) air foil have been investigated and comparison studies were made by different companies and aeronautic organization throughout world. The program has been very intense and many original results have beenRead MoreVehicle Design History11340 Words   |  46 Pageswith vehicle body design and manufacturing of polymers and painted plastics. My experience in large scale injection molding, e-stat painting, and fabrication processes, as well as the business of the automotive industry, has motivated me to research the history of the automotive body design and its future. I have sought to investigate the events that produced unique vehicle designs and the trends of what the future may produce. This paper covers, in depth, the evolution of vehicle designRead MoreModeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles10461 Words   |  42 PagesINVITED PAPER Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Tools that can model embedded software as well as components, and can automate the details of electric and hybrid vehicle design, need to be developed. By David Wenzhong Gao, Senior Member IEEE, Chris Mi, Senior Member IEEE, and Ali Emadi, Senior Member IEEE ABSTRACT | This paper discusses the need for modeling and simulation of electric and hybrid vehicles. Different modeling methods such as physics-based Resistive CompanionRead MoreDescription Of The Prototype Model2754 Words   |  12 Pagesexhaust header and the catalytic converter. Different designs of the turbulence model unit has been clamped one after another in order to take the emission readings from each and every model. The output emission of exhaust gases can be measured by vehicle emission test equipment. The whole setup has been mounted on a platform to make it portable as the unit is heavy. The variations in design have been mentioned in table 1. Exhaust from the vehicle’s outlet enters the exhaust header which guides the

Gender And Race Income Inequality - 1473 Words

Since the beginning of human history there has always been a power structure; who is to be on top and who is to be in the bottom. So, it comes to no surprise that America has a growing gap between the wealthy and everyone else. The United States is known as a melting pot and a country full of opportunities for all but it is also the place where upper class makes millions in an hour and the lower class only makes minimum wage. United States thrives on promoting everyone is created and treated equally but that happens not to be the case. Polls after polls shows a huge percentage of Americans biggest concern is the income inequality, the rich continue to get richer and the poor continue to get poorer, that it’s not being tribute equally among race and gender. Wealth and income inequality has grown since 1920s like never before and the question lays what is the cause and how can it be fixed. A nation that promotes on culture differences gender and race income inequality happens to be a big issue in the United States, especially in our economy. â€Å"Through prior research that race and gender inequalities exist† (Wilson 46) women and people of color; African Americans, Hispanics, etc., earn less than white men. That statistics shows that a wage gap exists between genders and race despite pay equity laws and a growing awareness of gender and race discrimination disparities continue to exist across many occupations. According to American Association of University Women EducationalShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Inequalities Of Gender Inequality1625 Words   |  7 Pages1. Inequalities of Gender 1. Discuss the various forms of Gender inequality 2. Choose and discuss two theoretical perspectives used to analyze gender inequality 3. Make sure to compare the perspectives and choose which one you align yourself with Kerbo (1994) refer to gender as the socially constructed definition of what it mean to be female or male. Sex and gender are two separate terms. Sex refers to the biological characteristics. However, gender is completely different. Gender is sociallyRead MoreThe American Dream866 Words   |  4 Pagesregardless of race, skin color, or social class, to achieve success and prosperity through hard work in a society with few barriers. All of this is rooted in the Declaration of Independence, which proclaims that all men are created equal with the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Today, some say that the American dream can no longer be associated with the pursuit of happiness and is near impossible to achieve. The American dream can be extremely difficult to attain due to income inequality:Read MoreWhy Race and Gender Inequality Still Exist1101 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies ago, but inequalities between gender and race continue to exist. To analyze why gender and r acial inequalities prevail, human capital theory and functionalism take into account cultural, historical, and economic factors. In my opinion, the human capital theory presents a more persuasive reason. Although race and gender inequalities in the United States have diminished in the past few centuries, many aspects of these inequalities still persist today. Race and gender inequalities are covert, andRead MoreSocial Inequality Is An Important Issue In Today’S Society.1595 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Social inequality is an important issue in today’s society. Today, people face many inequalities based on their gender, race, religion, and disability status, yet there are many different ideologies and ongoing debate about social inequality. There are three perspectives concerning the issue of inequality in America. This paper will analyze an article about social inequality, â€Å"Gender, Race, and Income Gaps† by Richard Hogan and Carolyn Perrucci, and how it applies to the viewpoints concerningRead MoreCrime and Social Inequality1194 Words   |  5 Pagesare dependent on social inequality Social inequality there are four major forms of inequality, class gender race and age, all of which influence crime. In looking at social classes and relationship to crime, studies have shown that citizens of the lower class are more likely to commit crimes of property and violence than upper-class citizens: who generally commit political and economic crimes. In 2007 the National C rime Victimization Survey showed that families with an income of $15000 or less hadRead MoreSocial Stratification And Its Effects On Physical And Mental Differences1216 Words   |  5 Pagespeople based on the three main organizing principles, class, race, and gender. Social class is defines as â€Å"the grouping of individuals by economic position† (Larkin, Para. 9). Members of each social class share similar income, wealth, lifestyle, social norms, behaviors, and life opportunities. Sociology theorists Dennis Gilbert and Joseph A. Kahl developed a six class stratification system by grouping individuals by education, income, and occupation. The six classes are capitalist or elites, upperRead MoreRacial Gap And Social Mobility1139 Words   |  5 PagesTalking of race or rather ethnicity in line with its effects in today’s attainment of life chances and opportunities by individuals for social mobility, we are prompted to conceptualize on matters appertaining to civil rights of individuals in various fields ranging from job allocations, medical attention, education, and distribution of resources. Social mobility refers to a tier in an open system of social strata that involves movement of various categories of people in a societal se t up and majorlyRead MoreWhy Education Is Not An Equal Opportunity For Everyone1259 Words   |  6 PagesAdrienne Rich’s essay, Taking Women Students Seriously, she speaks of the inequality mainly affecting women while subtly hinting at the inequality present in education in regards to race and class. Gender, race and class are three characteristics that work together to create either a positive or negative profile for one’s education. When delving into the content of Rich’s essay, the author clearly indicates her focus on the gender imbalance in education and how that impacts the lives of women. Women’sRead MoreEducation Is Not An Equal Opportunity For Everyone1473 Words   |  6 PagesAdrienne Rich’s essay, â€Å"Taking Women Students Seriously†, she speaks of the inequality mainly affecting women while subtly hinting at the inequality present in education in regards to race and class. Gender, race and class are three characteristics that work together to create either a positive or negative profile for one’s education. When delving into the content of Rich’s essay, the author clearly indicates her focus on the gender imbalance in education and how that impacts the lives of women. Women’sRead MoreSocial Inequality : The Land Of The Free, And The American Dream979 Words   |  4 PagesWhen one hears America several things come to mind such as the land of opportunity, the land of the free, and the American Dream. However, these ideas are sadly denatured by social hierarchies and inequality. Social inequality comes in many forms. It is a social construct that many people do not see affecting their daily lives, let alone the American society as a whole. According to The Sociology Project 2.0, a social construct is An invented social phenomenon (for example a belief, discourse

Outliers, By Malcolm Gladwell - 1431 Words

Outliers, written by Malcolm Gladwell, examines the wonder of high achievement, and success frequently attributed to the hard work, determination, and specific talent in individuals. Gladwell succeeds at analyzing judgments and cultural epidemics, while putting his thesis into view, and explaining his proof through a series of short, exemplifying accounts. Stressing the fact that hard work is a crucial factor in becoming successful, Gladwell does not deduct the need for discrete skills. Factors such as timing, situations, and cultural heritage play a critical role in the success stories within his book. Not only being a well renowned book about success, but Outliers is Gladwell’s song to these silent successors. Gladwell outlines great successors and the conditions that surround their success in part one of Outliers by explaining the fundamental factors of the people and races he mentioned. Factors such as what opportunities they had, kind of life were they brought up to live such as childhood and much more. Going past what a typical person would look for in a story of success, Gladwell examines every little detail in order to determine the success itself. For example, Gladwell wouldn’t judge a man on whether he went to college or not but had the thinking process of a mastermind. That is because many successors known today lack the practical intelligence but dominates in the analytical intelligence. Hard work is believed to lead anyone to great success in today’s world.Show MoreRelatedThe Outliers By Malcolm Gladwell2400 Words   |  10 Pagesideas are serious, entertaining or illogical. In The Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell, the author uses the book to portray a message about the characteristics needed to become a successful outlier. Are outliers just people who do not fit into mainstream society because they are above average? How does one become an outlier? The author not only answers lingering questions that the readers have about the ti tle, but he also shows a way to become an outlier through various circumstances and situations. In factRead MoreOutliers, By Malcolm Gladwell1245 Words   |  5 Pagesspan of 3 years? Malcolm Gladwell, the author of Outliers, suspects that there is something more behind this occurrence than just a simple coincidence. He asserts that there is no such thing as a self-made man and success does not come from natural talent, rather it comes from extraordinary opportunities and hidden advantages. In Outliers, Gladwell attempts to debunk the myth that people are successful because of themselves, and not because of other factors. Even Malcolm Gladwell acknowledges thatRead MoreThe Outliers By Malcolm Gladwell866 Words   |  4 Pagesis a person who is very knowledgeable about or skillful in a particular area. But with this simple description of an ‘expert’, what does it truly mean? Malcolm Gladwell, a famous writer and speaker, with 10, 000 hours one could succeed to become a n expert in a certain area. Gladwell explains his theory of 10, 000 hours in his book, â€Å"The Outliers,† with various examples of not only talented but also respected figures such as an European Violinist, Bill Gates, and even the Beatles. In the book, theseRead MoreOutliers, By Malcolm Gladwell1739 Words   |  7 Pagesfail. In Malcolm Gladwell’s book, Outliers, the reasons for these unusual happenings are explained as he argues that many of the factors ignored by most people actually matter. Throughout the book, Malcolm Gladwell insisted that overlooked factors such as heritage, birthdate, culture, and time period are important in understanding the outliers in society. He used the word â€Å"outliers† to describe the people and events that stand out and throughout the book he uses different examples of â€Å"outliers† to examineRead MoreOutliers by Malcolm Gladwell 1451 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, Malcolm Gladwell sees success in contrast to the common people. Gladwell believes that success is mainly caused by having the right opportunity and circumstances rather than by working hard. David Karp, founder of the international social networking site Tumblr, is an individual who embodies Gladwell’s phenomenon by having extended advantages that were rare among his peers and having a supportive, relatable lineage that not only lead him to success, but also makes him an Outlier. In OutliersRead MoreThe, Outliers, By Malcolm Gladwell1080 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Success is nothing more than a few simple disciplines, practiced every day.† (Jim Rohn) Malcolm Gladwell’s, Outliers, published in 2008, makes arguments about what it means to be successful, and how one can become successful. Gladwell specifically mentions the â€Å"10,000 Hour Rule† which states that anyone who wants to reach a definite level of mastery must perform 10,000 hours of practice until that level is reached. Some believe this rule to be invalid as those who are successful are born talentedRead MoreOutliers, By Malcolm Gladwell2123 Words   |  9 PagesOutliers, a statistical observation that is markedly different in value from the others of the sample. This basically states that anything that lies outside of the norm is an outlier. In the book Outliers, by Malcolm Gladwell he focuses on the different set of skills, timing, background, and effort a successful perso n needs to have in order to become successful. Unlike most books or biographies that write about the intelligence and ambition of an individual, this book looks around the individualsRead MoreOutliers : By Malcolm Gladwell1917 Words   |  8 Pages Malcolm Gladwell wrote the book titled Outliers to show the world how unique people got their start and all of the factors and obstacles it takes to succeed in life. Every chapter of this book contains a different success story. At the beginning of each new section, Malcolm describes where each story is taking place and who will be involved. An example of this unique imagery includes the start of the chapter titled, â€Å"The Ethnic Theory of Plane Crashes,† when Malcolm Gladwell described the settingRead MoreOutliers, By Malcolm Gladwell3671 Words   |  15 Pagesthat success can be achieved. With many theories out there on success, it is hard to figure out what is needed to be done to gain success. In everyone’s lives th ere are many different beliefs out there that can lead to it. In the book â€Å"Outliers† by Malcolm Gladwell, there are numerous theories that are covered with examples of successful people. They clearly show how success can be done in not just one way but in many others. The most known people that are considered to be successful are billionairesRead MoreOutliers, By Malcolm Gladwell1541 Words   |  7 PagesEarning large quantities of money seems achievable, it acts as clear-cut goal that people can point to and shout, â€Å"Hey, that’s success!†. Furthermore, personal success does not offer this luxury, and thus evades people to its true meaning. Malcolm Gladwell’s novel, Outliers, demonstrates this principle perfectly. This novel tells the story of â€Å"successful† people; however, according to the definition being explored here, it only examines one aspect of success: societal. This book never mentions the man who

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 855 Words

There are times when people come across an object that holds a sentimental value and want to keep it close to their heart or in other instances, store it somewhere safe. Though my possession isn t exactly an object you can hold or put away for safekeeping, but rather a place that allows family and friends to gather and dwell upon its most glorious days. A place everyone is perpetually invited and accepted for who they are. This home, I gratefully inherited from my grandparents, has become a shelter for those those in need, serves as a financial asset, and offers fond memories. Perhaps it s the beloved memories that live in this house that make it so special? Or maybe it s because this is where my grandparents raised their entire family and grew old together, allowing this home to stay in the family for a little over thirty years. It s not exactly extravagant, in a materialistic sense, but precious due to the sentimental value it holds. This isn t just grandma and grandpa s house, this is a place where my siblings and I were free to run around as children and wouldn t suffer any consequences. This home is where we would walk to after school, awaiting our freshly baked snacks and fresh beverages. There were even days when our grandfather would tell us stories about him traveling the U.S and Europe, having his guitar as his only possession at the time. Not to mention all the thrilling tales of his time during the Vietnam war. Besides my family’s history in this home, byShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don ’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the stree t scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he really has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words   |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 855 Words Swing. My overly excited mother pried the drawn curtains open, sunlight flooding in through the glass. My eyelids fluttered at the bright, beaming light streaming in through the window. I gazed out, only to be met with vast, barren land. I sighed in boredom. God, I hoped South Australia was better than this. The busload was teeming with noise, buzzing with energy. The variation of languages seemed to combine together in one sound of gibberish, the cacophonous chattering of excited tourists made my head throb. The smell of nauseating, cheesy potato chips combined with the gritty smell of exhaust fumes laced the air. I closed my eyes, the warmth of the sun engulfing me in its kind embrace. As I slowly fell into a deep sleep, I thought about my adventures to come. School was out, and I was free, and I couldn’t wait to get away from it all. I awoke with a wheezing gasp. I felt the stinging coldness of the shattered window first. I was laying on top of it. The bus was on its side. I frantically looked to my left. My mother wasn’t there. I struggled to a crouch, wrestling my way through the barricade of random belongings that were piled on top of me. I squinted into the darkness around me. The bus was empty. The silence was deafening. There was a eeriness in the air, so unearthly, that sent shivers up my spine. I panicked at the thought of my mother. If the bus had crashed, had she survived? Was everyone evacuated and they had just missed me? It didn’t make sense. Maybe I wasShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life aro und this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he really has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words   |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash

Causes of increasing alimentation prices Free Essays

The divertive utilization of rice alignments to biofuels production is considered a result of the soaring food prices of our recent age. The resultant utilization of alimentations, more so rice hulls in many countries is highly preferred for use in biofuels production. Bio-extraction of ethanol from plants is considered as environmentally friendly as some analysts say it contributes to curbing the issue of global warming by reducing the concentrations of green house gases in the atmosphere. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of increasing alimentation prices or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because the waste product of rice becomes commercialized, it makes rice of any type or species to be valuable and consequently makes its price increase. (Saha et al, 2004) Unfair trade agreements imposed by rich nations that try to undermine poor nations making them unable to determine their policies of food production have also contributed to a higher localized supply in rice. A good example can be cited by Shah (2008) where she reveals that the Doha World Trade Organization meeting intended to ascertain poor nations’ profitability in global trade did not materialize due to the developed nations view that the undeveloped nations would not ensure the end part of their bargain in the talks. The technology of genetic modification has also fuelled the high prices in foods in comparison of organic foods and genetically modified ones due to the cheap prices of the later in terms of competition. However, research by environmentalists has shown that the genetically modified (GM) foods have negative attributes to the ecological set up and consequently the human health system. The prevalence of the GM foods in the developed nations has seen demand of the higher priced organic foods increase in time due to the health effects associated with the former. The increasing population has seen the demand of food increase causing its consequential higher production. Rice being a staple meal in Asia has seen its exports being restricted to ensure that people specifically in the Asian nations of India and Chain can sustain their people with enough food. China with a population of about 1. 3 billion people is the highest populated nation in the world followed by India. The government’s priority to feed the people comes first and thus has seen the exportation control of agricultural produce to other nations causing a shortage of food in the global market which by laws of economics dictates increase in commodity prices when supply is low. The exorbitant costs of inorganic fertilizer and other farm inputs for agricultural practices have also contributed to the increasing food prices. This is because the costs of production are also reflected in the end price of the agricultural produce, therefore if the price of one input increases, it will inevitable cause a rise in the end product as the farmer can not take up that cost for the benefit of the consumers since it will be tantamount to losses in business. In the UK, farmers are facing a 15% hike in fertilizer prices that is hurting the agricultural sector. This surge in prices is cited to have arisen from anti dumping taxes on nitrogenous fertilizers in the UK from some nations since 2000 that has seen a monopoly in the supply of fertilizer. (Walker, 2007) From the beginning of 2003 when the Iranian invasion began, oil prices have been going up exponentially that indirectly instituted high price of food. This was and is being attributed to low production levels of crude oil, thus diminishing supply due to the increasing preference of biofuels. The link between the soaring food prices and the high energy prices is that food needs to be transported to one part of land to another more specifically in relation to our globalized world that increases distances of destination. The modes of transportation used are mostly powered by by-products of fossil fuels that are expensive as could be seen by the highest recorded price of over a hundred dollars per barrel at the beginning of 2008. (Shenk 2008) As a consequence, the cost of energy is passed down to the end user making the commodity price higher than usual. This is a global problem since the crude oil prices are the same all over because of their sole control by the Oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC) arrangements. The new problem of climate change is also predicted to cause further increases in food prices. The variations in climate across nations that solely depend of agriculture for their growth is expected to fall drastically as unpredictable weather patterns take charge causing situations of extreme drought and floods in different places. These alterations in climate will reduce agricultural productivity and food shortage will become imminent across the affected nations. It is now being observed that Australia, one of the largest wheat producing countries is in its third year of drought. Its respect as the world producer of wheat is now in jeopardy as its silos are becoming empty will the wheat prices are increasing. (Stancich, 2009) The problem of attacks from crop pests and weeds is also associated in the ever increasing food prices. In Central as well as the Southern parts of the Vietnam nation, according to a recent study Zeigler (2009), rice crops have been attacked by the tungro crop virus originating from the brown plant hopper insect. And furthermore, its spread is being predicted into China together with Thailand and Columbia. Pricing of rice is obviously expected to increase as the supply would have been greatly diminished while demand keeps growing. The continuing undervaluation of the US dollar which is used as a bench mark for trading in many nations is also attributed to the increasing food prices. Globalized nations are feeling the pinch of the current economic crisis of the US and business has gone down meaning that many sectors of the economy are being hurt more specifically in the agricultural sector. Farmers in the developed nations have cope better with the high prices of this global recession compared to their counterparts in the developing nations where production has reduced. A low supply with a high demand implies that food prices would increase in the developing nations unlike in developed nations where it would remain relatively stable. In India -one of the major rice producers- the effect of the global financial crunch in many sectors of the economy such as the agricultural industry has seen its 2008 GDP drop to 7% while further reduction is expected for 2009 at 5%. (World Bank Group, 2009: 2) Sporadic economic growth in different nations all over the world has been identified as a contributor to the increase in commodity prices. As the economy of a nation increases so as the living standards of the citizens. This makes purchasing power go a notch higher due to demand for better goods and services. This causes incompatibilities between demand and supply arising that sees the increase in prices. This is exhibited in the case with China that has been marked by speedy economic development that has exacerbated this global crisis that is catalyzed by its enormous population. (Zu H. Khan, 1997) Effects of alimentation price increases As an effect, the high food prices could be succeeded by civil unrest especially among the poor nations which can be exemplified by the riots emanating from exorbitantly high food prices in Burkina Faso as well as Cameroon where its was compounded by the expensive fuel costs. The country of Indonesia has also been characterized by such frustrations when there was recent scarcity in Soya beans. Rise in inflation is a notable effect of increased food prices more especially in developing nations. Most developing nations operate on deficits and a down turn from increased food prices puts strains on the government’s functionality due to limited financial resources. This sees the issue of relief coming in from developed nations to help the affected. Increase in poverty becomes evident due to high food prices as people reduce their consumption so as to sustain themselves in future days. On an optimistic view, the soaring food prices have also the effect of causing governments to intervene by pushing for increased production of food in their countries to cushion the poor from hunger. (FAO, 2009) Conclusion Though there has been tremendous growth in food production all over the world, the predictions of the future are still pessimistic as demand continues growing high. This is in reference to the stagnated supply that can not reach equilibrium with the demand; hence the future is determined by new sources of supply to cope with the vacuum in supply that would ensure price stability. Therefore, foreign alimentations such as bananas, mangoes, pineapples, and exotic fish among others will not fetch the same price as today due to these imbalances in supply and demand. To mitigate this, an in depth intervention through social protection for the short and long period requirements in conjunction with initiatives on alimentations for the poor should be implemented. Research into new agricultural opportunities should be intensified so as to achieve equilibrium in supply and demand of alimentations. This will go far in guarantying steady prices of food in the global market. And resultantly, agricultural trade regulations that burr efficient production in the developing nations should be renegotiated with rich nations that discourage them so that a healthy and productive world can be achieved. (OECD, 2007) References: FAO, (2009). Bumper rice harvest could bring down consumer prices. Planete Urgence. Retrieved on April 20th 2009. From http://www. infosdelaplanete. org/5123/bumper-rice-harvest-could-bring-down-consumer-prices. html? L=EN Hu Z. Mohsin S. Khan (1997). Why Is China Growing So Fast? ECONOMIC ISSUES NO. 8 International Monitoring Fund (IMF). Washington D. C. Yan Z. (2008). China seeks a balance between food security and the urbanization. Retrieved on April 20th 2009. From http://www. china-embassy. org/eng/zt/t516240. htm Walker D. (2007). Fuel and Fertilizer Situation. John Wiley and Sons, Inc Stancich R. (2009). Climate change and food prices. Climatechangecorp. Retrieved on April 20th 2009. From http://www. climatechangecorp. com/content. asp? ContentID=5252 OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2007). Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Monitoring and Evaluation. Paris: OECD. Saha, B. C. , Iten, L. B. , Cotta, M. A. , Wu, Y. (2004). Fuel ethanol production from rice hull [abstract]. American Chemical Society. Paper No. BI0T 101. Retrieved on 20th April 2009. From http://www. ars. usda. gov/research/publications/Publications. htm? seq_no_115=156041 Shenk M. (2008) . Oil Climbs Above $126 to Record as Dollar Weakens Against Euro. EU News, Havensworks. com http://www. havenworks. com/world/eu/ World Bank Group, (2009). Impact of Global Financial Crisis on South Asia. Retrieved on April 20th 2009. From http://74. 125. 47. 132/search? q=cache:y57oApfcEXgJ:siteresources. worldbank. org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1171488994713/3455847-1232124140958/gfcsouthasiafeb172009. pdf+global+financial+crisis%2Bfood+pricescd=2hl=enct=clnk How to cite Causes of increasing alimentation prices, Papers

Constituent of Social Entrepreneurship †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Constituent of Social Entrepreneurship. Answer: Constituent of Social Entrepreneurship Social entrepreneurship can be defined when it has the following three elements: (a) Identifying sturdy yet integrally undeserved equilibrium which triggers marginalization, segregation and suffering of a humanity segment which is lacking political clout or financial means to accomplish any self-oriented transformative gain; (b) Identifying opportunities in such an undeserved equilibrium, development of an effective social value scheme, and to bring it to generate inspiration, courage, fortitude creativity, and direct action, hence puzzling sturdy state hegemony (c) Forge a novel, sturdy equilibrium which discharges untapped prospective or assuages target cohort miseries despite constraints. Also, creating sturdy ecosystems about novel equilibrium hence guaranteeing a promising prospect for the target group and the community (Phillips, Lee, Ghobadian, ORegan James, 2015). Social entrepreneurial ventures in the Middle East MedTrucks: This enterprise has been established to support the patients as well as health actors via the units of mobile care deployment in Morocco medical deserts alongside the emerging economies. Such hyper-connected trucks are fully equipped for medical care. It aims at fighting against those medical deserts based on the provision of care at the right place and time. They are used when required-telemedicine (Lckenbach, Baumgarth, Schmidt Henseler, 2016). This enterprise is still an ongoing developing and provide such services as cartography (real-time) alongside tracking. This move helps in the optimization of delivery of care services to the patients, besides a medical online podium for professionals. KarmSolar: This is designing as well as manufacturing solar-propelled pumping tools which can assist the population to have access to the global biggest collection of clean water, which is situated under the Libyan deserts and Egyptian sands. This will help deal with the critical matters of potable water and the arable land. The start-up bey20llak: Has created the crowd-sharing app that assists citizens in navigating from a point to another. It has won the top honors in the Googles 1st country-wide startup contests. Nafham: Has assisted in addressing the regions pressing problems of access to quality education. For example, schools in Egypt and other places are usually at least a generation obsolete as well as irrelevant to the novel economy. Nearly 20% of startups like Nafham, are working to tackle this need via the creation of video as well as additional novel resources which deliver shared online courses in Arabic. Social enterprises contribution to KSAs Vision 2030 Social enterprises are at the core of KSAs vision 2030. The KSA has a 5-year plan that has highlighted the strategy of KSA to expand as well as develop its economy whereas de-emphasizing oil revenue. The plan has focused on widening efforts of privatization efforts within this framework of the bigger Vision 2030. It has also emphasized on lifting power as well as water bodies crossways socio-economic classes, reducing unemployment, bolstering local industries military production, as well as spinning off certain KSAs Oil Companies assets (Kickul Lyons, 2016). To achieve this, social enterprises can take up the opportunity presented by the increased privatization. They will then start producing the services that would otherwise be provided by the government. This will expand employment and even make more items available for the citizens. The KSA will have to unleash its entrepreneurial potential as well as establish a huge number of social entrepreneurial firms in high value-addition sectors to achieve its ambitious Vision 2030 objectives (Choi Majumdar, 2014). KSA will also have to increase the entrepreneurial activities substantially in the Kingdom by encouraging social entrepreneurs (Stephan, Uhlaner Stride, 2015). This will be accomplished at the national level by focusing on quantity or intensity of social entrepreneurial activities as well as and focusing on that which promotes quality. By creating both quality and quantity-focused social entrepreneurial activities, KSA will maximize the entrepreneurial ecosystem impact on the Vision 2030. This will make KSA grow beyond its present state. Thus, social entrepreneurs must be trained, and safe spaces created like incubators and accelerators to enable them minimize the cost of mistakes as well as refine their corresponding value propositions (Chell, Spence, Perrini Harris, 2016). Women leadership roles social ventures Women can increasingly take up leadership in commencing and managing social ventures. Women, however, dont face same barriers as fellow male counterparts. Thus, training programs which are primarily designed for women population segments are effective. Moreover, programs delivered by individual who fathom both entrepreneurial processes as well as realities of such women remain excellent means of improving the ability of women to take start and manage the social ventures. Such women will guarantee quality in their business ideas as well as plans of implementation (Baumgarth, Schmidt Henseler, 2017). Women can also start when the government is supportive towards them through free startups capitals provision. This will encourage women to be brave enough and take up this position. Also, draconian laws that bar women from rising must be eliminated to make them counter fellow male counterparts. References Baumgarth, C., Schmidt, H. J., Henseler, J. (2017). Identity, customer needs or risk-taking? Empirical analysis of the impact of brand, market and entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of Social Entrepreneurship Organisations (SEOs). In11th Global Brand Conference 2016: Brands that do good. Chell, E., Spence, L. J., Perrini, F., Harris, J. D. (2016). Social entrepreneurship and business ethics: Does social equal ethical?.Journal of business ethics,133(4), 619-625. Choi, N., Majumdar, S. (2014). Social entrepreneurship as an essentially contested concept: Opening a new avenue for systematic future research.Journal of business venturing,29(3), 363-376. Kickul, J., Lyons, T. S. (2016).Understanding social entrepreneurship: The relentless pursuit of mission in an ever changing world. Routledge. Lckenbach, F., Baumgarth, C., Schmidt, H. J., Henseler, J. (2016). Identity, customer needs or risk-taking? Empirical analysis of the impact of brand, market and entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of Social Entrepreneurship Organisations (SEOs). Phillips, W., Lee, H., Ghobadian, A., ORegan, N., James, P. (2015). Social innovation and social entrepreneurship: A systematic review.Group Organization Management,40(3), 428-461. Stephan, U., Uhlaner, L. M., Stride, C. (2015). Institutions and social entrepreneurship: The role of institutional voids, institutional support, and institutional configurations.Journal of International Business Studies,46(3), 308-331. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/social_entrepreneurship_the_case_for_definition

Food Can Be Something That Arouses Strong Emotion free essay sample

Grandpas Soup is about Kay recalling her own childhood memories of spending time with her grandfather in Scotland, this is similar to The Coming of Yams and Mangoes and Mountain Honey in the respect that Berry is also recalling childhood memories by remembering his homeland in the Caribbean. The two poems are evidently connected by memories and the fondness in which they are remembered, which reveals that both protagonists have an emotional link to food.Grandpas Soups form contrasts heavily with that of The Coming of Yams and Mangoes and Mountain Honey, Kay chooses a form for her poem that focuses on three stanzas consisting of eight, then thirteen, then one line. She does this to keep the rhythm of the poem going as all three stanzas are distinctive and separate. The first stanza of eight lines about soup is free flowing as Kay uses little grammar to separate the lines, only using a dash, a question mark and a comma during the whole stanza. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Can Be Something That Arouses Strong Emotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lines are also short, consisting of ten or less words each. This form ensures that when read, the first stanza is memorable as the flow and rhythm of the short lines ensures that the reader can connect with Kays own memories and emotions towards the soup. It also ensures that parts of the poem become stuck in the readers mind, such as and its dice potatoes the perfect size and its wee soft bits which flow nicely when read and further Kays aim of conveying her own memories to the reader, making it significant.The second stanza is longer in length than the first as it reveals the protagonist is pouring out her emotions which creates a melodramatic affect and helps the reader understand the emotional link the child has to the food. This then supports the statement that food arouses strong emotion as it triggers people’s memory and the emotional attachment they have to the specific food. The form in The Coming of Yams and mangoes and Mountain Honey is significantly different to the above as each Stanza is a different length to the next.This created the affect that the protagonist is grouping his different memories and emotions and some are longer than others. This has an effect on the reader as there is no rhyme to the poem and it suggests that the retrospective view is causing the protagonist to express his emotions in a rushed way. Both poems reveal different emotional attachments to food as we see in Grandpas soup that the child holds precious memories of her grandpa’s soup and the links it has.Kay uses different techniques to relate to the reader, for example the poem is extremely conversational which implies the protagonist is talking to the reader. The reader then feels privileged as though the child in the poem is sharing her emotions and memories from the past. Likewise in The Coming of The Yams and The Mangoes, the protagonist revisits old memories a nd has a flash back of all the exotic food that reminds him of his heritage. He is then struck back down to reality and the flash back ends, â€Å"red buses pass for donkeys now† as this reflects the contrast between England and Jamaica and the protagonist soon realises nothing will be the same as he remembers it. This is also similar to Grandpas soup as the child reinforces that her grandpas gone â€Å"I will long for it my whole life after he is gone† and also begins to accept that things will not be the same. Although she will still have the memories, she will always have an emotional link to soup and no soup will ever be like her grandpas as she emphasises in line one.The lexis choice in both poems are similar as both Berry and Kay use the senses to appeal to their reader and use different semantic fields of colour which gives a warm like feeling of home. This is significant as both protagonists are expressing their emotional attachments to food, at first this may seem strange to reader but it soon becomes clear in both poems that there is d eeper meaning behind the emotions linked with the food. The protagonist in The Coming of the Yams and Mangoes seems protective over the food as he has an emotional link to where it has come from.We can see an example of this in the first stanza, â€Å"stuffing up bags, and filling up the London baskets† which supports the view that he is concerned about the way people in England are treating the food he sees as precious. This reveals that the protagonist believes people are not treating these things with enough respect and the reader gets the sense that he is singling out â€Å"London baskets†referring to London citizens as disrespectful to cultural differences. This is due to the fact that the protagonist has strong emotions towards the heritage of his countries food s it represents how it can bring countries and different cultures together. The linguistic deviation used in the poem, for example â€Å"stripes on fish†takes something out of content and outs in another which reflects the purpose of the poem which could be suggested is to encourage people to take the Jamaican food and place it somewhere like in England where it is out of context. This is because the protagonist wants the reader to experience his culture and understand it; his emotional attachment to the food reveals he also wants the reader to appreciate its heritage.Although realises that the English won’t fully understand where it has come from and many of the Berry’s points throughout the poem are controversial. Similarly in grandpa’s soup Jackie uses lexis that relates to home and comfort, as these are the emotions the child links with the soup. Jackie uses figurative language such as metaphors and similes â€Å"like a rich island in the middle of the soup sea† which is a positive piece of imagery. This instantly make the reader think about holidays and exotic things that people see as a privilege, therefore this relates to the soup as it is something the protagonist considers as precious and something money can’t buy. The use of enjambment in this poem is also significant and it gives the reader the sense that the child doesn’t know when to stop and she is pouring out her emotions. This then reveals that she is attached to her grandpa and the soup is something which makes her feel close to him.The protagonist seems confident that â€Å"no one† makes soup like â€Å"my† granddad, which also suggests she is protective over the emotional link she has with the soup and is determine to keep it with her for the rest of her life despite the fact her grandpas gone. Logically it would seem that both poems reflect similar emotions and feelings towards food and the memories it holds. Significantly both texts are about food that is close to home and gives the protagonist security thinking about it.We can see this through the emphasise in Grandpas soup when the protagonist uses repetition to reveal how she will be lost without her grandpas soup. Similarly in The Coming of the Yams and Mangoes the protagonist seems to be clingy on to the memories he has an emotional attachment to as the food represents a lot about his culture and heritage. Therefore the above statement can clearly be supported with strong evidence using these two texts, which suggest that food is something with can arouse strong emotion in different forms.

Tata Motors Going Global free essay sample

TATA Motors-International Business Indian Automobile Industry Hailed as ‘the industry of industries’ by Peter Drucker, the founding father of the study of  management, in 1946, the automobile industry had evolved continuously with changing timesfrom craft production in 1890s to mass production in 1910s to lean production techniques in the1970s. The automotive industry in India grew at a computed annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11. 5 percentover the past five years, the Economic Survey 2008-09 tabled in parliament on 2 nd July’09 said.The industry has a strong multiplier effect on the economy due to its deep forward and backwardlinkages with several key segments of the economy, a finance ministry statement said. The automobile industry, which was plagued by the economic downturn amidst a credit crisis,managed a growth of 0. 7 percent in 2008-09 with passenger car sales registering 1. 31 percentgrowth while the commercial vehicles segment slumped 21. 7 percent. Indian automobile industry has come a long way to from the era of the Ambassador car to Maruti800 to latest MM Xylo. We will write a custom essay sample on Tata Motors Going Global or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The industry is highly competitive with a number of global and Indiancompanies present today. It is projected to be the third largest auto industry by 2030 and just  behind to US China, according to a report. The industry is estimated to be a US$ 34 billionindustry. Indian Automobile industry can be divided into three segments i. e. two wheeler, three wheeler four wheeler segment. The domestic two-wheeler market is dominated by Indian as well asforeign players such as Hero Honda, Bajaj Auto, Honda Motors, TVS Motors, and Suzuki etc.Maruti Udyog and Tata Motors are the leading passenger car manufacturers in the country. AndIndia is considered as strategic market by Suzuki, Yamaha, etc. Commercial Vehicle market iscatered by players like Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland, Volvo, Force Motors, Eicher Motors etc. The major players have not left any stone unturned to be global. Major of the players have gotinto the merger activities with their foreign counterparts. Like Maruti with Suzuki, Hero withHonda, Tata with Fiat, Mahindra with Renault, Force Motors with Mann. Key Facts: †¢ India ranks 12th in the list of the worlds top 15 automakers †¢Entry of more international players †¢ Contributes 5% to the GDP †¢ Production of four wheelers in India has increased from 9. 3 lakh units in 2002-03 to 23lakh units in 2007-08 †¢ Targeted to be of $ 145 Billion by 2016 †¢ Exports increased from 84,000 units in 2002-03 to 280,000 units in 2007-08 TATA Motors-International Business Submitted by: Sameer, Sohail, Sankar, Himanshu, Arun Page 5 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of Indian Automobile Sector1. Industry Rivalry †¢ Industry Concentration: The Concentration Ratio (CR) indicates the percent of market share held by a company.A high concentration ratio indicates that a high concentration of market share is held bythe largest f irms the industry is concentrated. With only a few firms holding a largemarket share, the market is less competitive (closer to a monopoly). A low concentrationratio indicates that the industry is characterized by many rivals, none of which has asignificant market share. These fragmented markets are said to be competitive. If rivalryamong firms in an industry is low, the industry is considered to be disciplined †¢ High Fixed costs When total costs are mostly fixed costs, the firm must produce capacity to attain thelowest unit costs.Since the firm must sell this large quantity of product, high levels of  Ã‚  production lead to a fight for market share and results in increased rivalry. The industry istypically capital intensive and thus involves high fixed costs †¢ Slow market growth In growing market, firms can improve their economies. Though the market growth has  been impressive in the last few years (about 8 to 15%), it takes a beat in even slighteconomic disturbances as it involves a luxury good. Aggressive pricing is needed tosustain growth in such situations †¢ Diversity of rivals: Industry become s unstable as the diversification increases.

Mining In Sapce Essays - Spaceflight, Outer Space, Moon,

Mining In Sapce On December 10, 1986 the Greater New York Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the engineering section of the New York Academy of Sciences jointly presented a program on mining the planets. Speakers were Greg Maryniak of the Space Studies Institute (SSI) and Dr. Carl Peterson of the Mining and Excavation Research Institute of M.I.T. Maryniak spoke first and began by commenting that the quintessential predicament of space flight is that everything launched from Earth must be accelerated to orbital velocity. Related to this is that the traditional way to create things in space has been to manufacture them on Earth and then launch them into orbit aboard large rockets. The difficulty with this approach is the huge cost-per-pound of boosting anything out of this planet's gravity well. Furthermore, Maryniak noted, since (at least in the near to medium term) the space program must depend upon the government for mos t of its funding, for this economic drawback necessarily translates into a political problem. Maryniak continued by noting that the early settlers in North America did not attempt to transport across the Atlantic everything then needed to sustain them in the New World. Rather they brought their tools with them and constructed their habitats from local materials. Hence, he suggested that the solution to the dilemma to which he referred required not so much a shift in technology as a shift in thinking. Space, he argued, should be considered not as a vacuum, totally devoid of everything. Rather, it should be regarded as an ocean, that is, a hostile environment but one having resources. Among the resources of space, he suggested, are readily available solar power and potential surface mines on the Moon and later other celestial bodies as well. The Moon, Maryniak stated, contains many useful materials. Moreover, it is twenty-two times easi er to accelerate a payload to lunar escape velocity than it is to accelerate the identical mass out of the EarthUs gravity well. As a practical matter the advantage in terms of the energy required is even greater because of the absence of a lunar atmosphere. Among other things this permits the use of devices such as electromagnetic accelerators (mass drivers) to launch payloads from the MoonUs surface. Even raw Lunar soil is useful as shielding for space stations and other space habitats. At present, he noted, exposure to radiation will prevent anyone for spending a total of more than six months out of his or her entire lifetime on the space station. At the other end of the scale, Lunar soil can be processed into its constituent materials. In between steps are also of great interest. For example, the MoonUs soil is rich in oxygen, which makes up most of the mass of water and rocket propellant. This oxygen could be RcookedS out of the Lunar soil . Since most of the mass of the equipment which would be necessary to accomplish this would consist of relatively low technology hardware, Maryniak suggested the possibility that at least in the longer term the extraction plant itself could be manufactured largely on the Moon. Another possibility currently being examined is the manufacture of glass from Lunar soil and using it as construction material. The techniques involved, according to Maryniak, are crude but effective. (In answer to a question posed by a member of the audience after the formal presentation, Maryniak stated that he believed the brittle properties of glass could be overcome by using glass-glass composites. He also suggested yet another possibility, that of using Lunar soil as a basis of concrete.) One possible application of such Moon-made glass would be in glass-glass composite beams. Among other things, these could be employed as structural elements in a solar power sate llite (SPS). While interest in the SPS has waned in this country, at least temporarily, it is a major focus of attention in the U.S.S. R. , Western Europe and Japan. In particular, the Soviets have stated that they will build an SPS by the year 2000 (although they plan on using Earth launched materials. Similarly the Japanese are conducting SPS related sounding rocket tests. SSI studies have suggested that more than 90%, and perhaps

The Columbine Massacre School Shooting April 20, 1999

The Columbine Massacre School Shooting April 20, 1999 On April 20, 1999, in the small, suburban town of Littleton, Colorado, two high-school seniors, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, enacted an all-out assault on Columbine High School during the middle of the school day. The boys plan was to kill hundreds of their peers. With guns, knives, and a multitude of bombs, the two boys walked the hallways and killed. When the day was done, twelve students, one teacher, and the two murderers were dead; plus 21 more were injured. The haunting question remains: why did they do it? The Boys: Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris were both intelligent, came from solid homes with two parents, and had older brothers who were three years their senior. In elementary school, Klebold and Harris had both played in sports such as baseball and soccer. Both enjoyed working with computers. The boys met each other while attending Ken Caryl Middle School in 1993. Though Klebold had been born and raised in the Denver area, Harris father had been in the U.S. Air Force and had moved the family several times before he retired and moved his family to Littleton, Colorado in July 1993. When the two boys entered high school, they found it difficult to fit into any of the cliques. As is too common in high school, the boys found themselves frequently picked on by athletes and other students. (Though some claimed they were part of the Trench Coat Mafia, in truth, they were only friends with some of the groups members. The boys didnt usually wear trench coats to school; they did so only on April 20 to hide the weapons they were carrying as they walked across the parking lot.) However, Klebold and Harris seemed to spend their time doing normal teenager activities. They worked together in a local pizza parlor, liked to play Doom (a computer game) in the afternoons, and worried about finding a date to the prom. For all outward appearances, the boys looked like normal teenagers. Looking back, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris obviously werent your average teenagers. Problems According to journals, notes, and videos that Klebold and Harris left to be discovered, Klebold had been thinking of committing suicide as early as 1997 and they both had begun thinking about a large massacre as early as April 1998- a full year before the actual event. By then, the two had already run into some trouble. On January 30, 1998, Klebold and Harris were arrested for breaking into a van. As part of their plea agreement, the two began a juvenile diversion program in April 1998. Since they were first-time offenders, this program allowed them to purge the event from their record if they could successfully complete the program. So, for eleven months, the two attended workshops, spoke to counselors, worked on volunteer projects, and convinced everyone that they were sincerely sorry about the break-in. However, during the entire time, Klebold and Harris were making plans for a large-scale massacre at their high school. Hate Klebold and Harris were angry teenagers. They were not only angry at athletes that made fun of them, or Christians, or blacks, as some people have reported; they basically hated everyone except for a handful of people. On the front page of Harriss journal, he wrote: I hate the f*cking world. Harris also wrote that he hates racists, martial arts experts, and people who brag about their cars. He stated: You know what I hate? Star Wars fans: get a friggin life, you boring geeks. You know what I hate? People who mispronounce words, like acrost, and pacific for specific, and expresso instead of espresso. You know what I hate? People who drive slow in the fast lane, God these people do not know how to drive. You know what I hate? The WB network!!!! Oh Jesus, Mary Mother of God Almighty, I hate that channel with all my heart and soul. Both Kiebold and Harris were serious about acting out on this hate. As early as spring 1998, they wrote about killing and retaliation in each others yearbooks, including an image of a man standing with a gun, surrounded by dead bodies, with the caption, The only reason your [sic] still alive is because someone has decided to let you live. Preparations Klebold and Harris used the Internet to find recipes for pipe bombs and other explosives. They amassed an arsenal, which eventually included guns, knives, and 99 explosive devices. Klebold and Harris wanted to kill as many people as possible, so they studied the influx of students in the cafeteria, noting that there would be over 500 students after 11:15 a.m. when the first lunch period began. They planned to plant propane bombs in the cafeteria timed to explode at 11:17 a.m. and then shoot any survivors as they came running out. There is some discrepancy whether the original date planned for the massacre was to be April 19 or 20. April 19 was the anniversary of the Oklahoma City Bombing and April 20 was the 110th anniversary of Adolf Hitlers birthday. For whatever reason, April 20 was the date finally chosen. Setting the Bombs in the Cafeteria At 11:10 a.m. on Tuesday, April 20, 1999, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris arrived at Columbine High School. Each drove separately and parked in spots in the junior and senior parking lots, flanking the cafeteria. Around 11:14, the boys carried two 20-pound propane bombs (with timers set for 11:17 a.m.) in duffel bags and placed them near tables in the cafeteria. No one noticed them place the bags; the bags blended in with the hundreds of school bags that the other students had brought with them to lunch. The boys then went back to their cars to wait for the explosion. Nothing happened. (It is believed that if the bombs had exploded, it is probable that all 488 students in the cafeteria would have been killed.) The boys waited a few extra minutes for the cafeteria bombs to explode, but still, nothing happened. They realized that something must have gone wrong with the timers. Their original plan had failed, but the boys decided to go into the school anyway. Klebold and Harris Head Into Columbine High School Klebold, wearing cargo pants and a black T-shirt with Wrath on the front, was armed with a 9-mm semi-automatic handgun and a 12-gauge double-barrel sawed-off shotgun. Harris, wearing dark-colored pants and a white T-shirt that said Natural Selection, was armed with a 9-mm carbine rifle and a 12-gauge pump sawed-off shotgun. Both wore black trench coats to hide the weapons they were carrying and utility belts filled with ammunition. Klebold wore a black glove on his left hand; Harris wore a black glove on his right hand. They also carried knives and had a backpack and a duffel bag full of bombs. At 11:19 a.m., the two pipe bombs that Klebold and Harris had set up in an open field several blocks away exploded; they timed the explosion so that it would be a distraction for police officers. At the same time, Klebold and Harris started firing their first shots at students sitting outside the cafeteria. Almost immediately, 17-year old Rachel Scott was killed and Richard Castaldo was injured. Harris took off his trench coat and both boys kept firing. Not a Senior Prank Unfortunately, many of the other students didnt realize yet what was happening. It was only a few weeks until graduation for the seniors and as is a tradition among many U.S. schools, seniors often pull a senior prank before they leave. Many of the students believed that the shootings were just a joke- part of a senior prank- so they didnt immediately flee the area. Students Sean Graves, Lance Kirklin, and Daniel Rohrbough were just leaving the cafeteria when they saw Klebold and Harris with guns. Unfortunately, they thought the guns were paintball guns and part of the senior prank. So the three kept walking, heading toward Klebold and Harris. All three are wounded. Klebold and Harris swiveled their guns to the right and then shot at five students who were eating lunch in the grass. At least two were hit- one was able to run to safety while the other was too debilitated to leave the area. As Klebold and Harris walked, they nearly continually threw small bombs into the area. Klebold then walked down the stairs, toward the injured Graves, Kirklin, and Rohrbough. At close range, Klebold shot Rohrbough and then Kirklin. Rohrbough died instantly; Kirklin survived his wounds. Graves had managed to crawl back down to the cafeteria, but lost strength in the doorway. He pretended to be dead and Klebold walked over him to peer into the cafeteria. The students in the cafeteria started looking out the windows once they heard gunfire and explosions, but they too thought it was either a senior prank or a film being made. A teacher, William Dave Sanders, and two custodians realized that this was not just a senior prank and that there was a real danger. They tried to get all the students away from the windows and to get down on the floor. Many of the students evacuated the room by going up the stairs to the second level of the school. Thus, when Klebold peered into the cafeteria, it looked empty. While Klebold was looking into the cafeteria, Harris continued shooting outside. He hit Anne Marie Hochhalter as she was getting up to flee. When Harris and Klebold were back together, they turned to enter the school through the west doors, firing as they went. A policeman arrived on the scene and exchanged fire with Harris, but neither Harris nor the policeman was injured. At 11:25 a.m., Harris and Klebold entered the school. Inside the School Harris and Klebold walked down the north hallway, shooting and laughing as they went. Most of the students not at lunch were still in class and didnt know what was going on. Stephanie Munson, one of several students walking down the hall, saw Harris and Klebold and tried to run out of the building. She was hit in the ankle but managed to make it to safety. Klebold and Harris then turned around and headed back down the hallway (toward the entrance they had gone through to enter the school). Teacher Dave Sanders Shot Dave Sanders, the teacher who had directed students to safety in the cafeteria and elsewhere, was coming up the stairs and rounding a corner when he saw Klebold and Harris with guns raised. He quickly turned around and was about to turn a corner to safety when he was shot. Sanders managed to crawl to the corner and another teacher dragged Sanders into a classroom, where a group of students was already hiding. The students and the teacher spent the next few hours trying to keep Sanders alive. Klebold and Harris spent the next three minutes indiscriminately shooting and throwing bombs in the hallway outside the library, where Sanders was shot. They threw two pipe bombs down the stairs into the cafeteria. Fifty-two students and four staff were hiding in the cafeteria and could hear the gunshots and explosions. At 11:29 a.m., Klebold and Harris entered the library. Massacre in the Library Klebold and Harris entered the library and shouted: Get up! Then they asked for anyone wearing a white cap (jocks) to stand up. No one did. Klebold and Harris started firing; one student was injured from flying wood debris. Walking through the library to the windows, Klebold shot and killed Kyle Velasquez, who was sitting at a computer desk rather than hiding under a table. Klebold and Harris set down their bags and started shooting out the windows toward policemen and escaping students. Klebold then took off his trench coat. One of the gunmen yelled Yahoo! Klebold then turned and shot at three students hiding under a table, injuring all three. Harris turned and shot Steven Curnow and Kacey Ruegsegger, killing Curnow. Harris then walked over to a table near him where two girls were hiding underneath. He banged two times on the top of the table and said, Peek-a-boo! Then he shot under the table, killing Cassie Bernall. The kick from the shot broke his nose. Harris then asked Bree Pasquale, a student sitting on the floor, if she wanted to die. While pleading for her life, Harris was distracted when Klebold called him to another table because one of the students hiding underneath was black. Klebold grabbed Isaiah Shoels and started dragging him from under the table when Harris shot and killed Shoels. Then Klebold shot under the table and killed Michael Kechter. Harris disappeared into the book stacks for a minute while Klebold went to the front of the library (near the entrance) and shot out a display cabinet. Then the two of them went on a shooting rampage in the library. They walked by table after table, shooting non-stop. Injuring many, Klebold and Harris killed Lauren Townsend, John Tomlin, and Kelly Fleming. Stopping to reload, Harris recognized someone hiding under the table. The student was an acquaintance of Klebolds. The student asked Klebold what he was doing. Klebold answered, Oh, just killing people.  Wondering if he, too, was going to be shot, the student asked Klebold if he was going to be killed. Klebold told the student to leave the library, which the student did. Harris again shot under a table, injuring several and killing Daniel Mauser and Corey DePooter. After randomly shooting off a couple more rounds, throwing a Molotov cocktail, taunting a few students, and throwing a chair, Klebold and Harris left the library. In the seven and a half minutes they were in the library, they killed 10 people and injured 12 others. Thirty-four students escaped uninjured. Back Into the Hall Klebold and Harris spent about eight minutes walking down the halls, looking into the science classrooms and making eye contact with some of the students, but they didnt try very hard to get into any of the rooms. Students stay huddled and hidden in many of the classrooms with the doors locked. But locks wouldnt have been much protection if the gunmen had really wanted to get in. At 11:44 a.m., Klebold, and Harris headed back downstairs and entered the cafeteria. Harris shot at one of the duffel bags they had placed earlier, trying to get the 20-pound propane bomb to explode, but it didnt. Klebold then went over to the same bag and began fiddling with it. Still, there was no explosion. Klebold then stepped back and threw a bomb at the propane bomb. Only the thrown bomb exploded and it started a fire, which triggered the sprinkler system. Klebold and Harris wandered around the school throwing bombs. They eventually went back to the cafeteria only to see that the propane bombs had not exploded and the sprinkler system had put out the fire. At exactly noon, the two went back upstairs. Suicide in the Library They headed back to the library, where nearly all the uninjured students had escaped. Several of the staff remained hidden in cabinets and side rooms. From 12:02 to 12:05, Klebold and Harris shot out the windows toward the policemen and paramedics that were outside. Sometime between 12:05 and 12:08, Klebold and Harris went to the south side of the library and shot themselves in the head, ending the Columbine massacre. The Students Who Escaped To the policemen, paramedics, family and friends waiting outside, the horror of what was happening unfolded slowly. With 2,000 students attending Columbine High School, no one saw the whole event clearly. Thus, reports from witnesses escaping the school were skewed and fragmentary. Law enforcement personnel tried to rescue those who were injured outside but Klebold and Harris shot at them from the library. No one saw the two gunmen commit suicide so no one was sure it was over until police were able to clear the building. Students that had escaped were sent via school bus over to Leawood Elementary School where they were interviewed by police and then put on a stage for parents to claim. As the day wore on, the parents that remained were those of the victims. Confirmation of those that had been killed did not come until a day later. Rescuing Those Still Inside Because of the large number of bombs and explosives thrown by the gunmen, the SWAT and police could not immediately enter the building to evacuate the remaining students and faculty that were hiding inside. Some had to wait for hours to be rescued. Patrick Ireland, who had been shot two times in the head by the gunmen in the library, attempted to escape at 2:38 p.m. out the library window- two stories up. He fell into the waiting arms of SWAT while T.V. cameras showed the scene across the country. (Miraculously, Ireland survived the ordeal.) Dave Sanders, the teacher who had helped hundreds of students escape and who had been shot around 11:26 a.m., lay dying in the science room. The students in the room tried to provide first aid, were given instructions over the phone to give emergency aid, and placed signs in the windows to get an emergency crew inside quickly, but no one arrived. It wasnt until 2:47 p.m. when he was  taking his last breaths that SWAT reached his room. In all, Klebold and Harris  killed 13 people  (twelve students and one teacher). Between the two of them, they fired 188 rounds of ammunition (67 by Klebold and 121 by Harris). Of the 76 bombs that Klebold and Harris threw during their 47-minute siege on Columbine, 30 exploded and 46 did not explode.​ In addition, they had planted 13 bombs in their cars (12 in Klebolds and one  in Harris) that did not explode and eight bombs at home. Plus, of course, the two propane bombs they planted in the cafeteria that did not explode. Who Is to Blame? No one can say for sure why Klebold and Harris committed such a horrific crime. Many people have come up with theories including being picked on in school, violent video games (Doom), violent movies (Natural Born Killers), music, racism,  Goth, problematic parents, depression, and more. It is hard to pinpoint one trigger that started these two boys on a murderous rampage. They worked hard to fool all those around them for over a year. Surprisingly, about a month before the event, the Klebold family took a four-day road trip to the  University of Arizona, where Dylan had been accepted for the following year. During the trip, the Klebolds didnt notice anything strange or unusual about Dylan. Counselors and others also didnt notice anything unusual. Looking back, there were  telltale hints and clues  that something was seriously wrong. Videotapes, journals, guns, and bombs in their rooms would have been easily found if the parents had looked. Harris had made a website with hateful epithets that could have been followed up on. The Columbine Massacre changed the way society looked at children and at schools. Violence was no longer just an after-school,  inner-city  occurrence. It could happen anywhere. Sources Bai, Matt. Anatomy of a Massacre.  Newsweek. 3 May 1999: 25-31.Columbine Report. Jefferson Countys Sheriffs Office. 15 May 2000.Columbine: Hope From Heartbreak.  Rocky Mountain News.Cullen, Dave. Columbine Report Released.  Salon.com. 16 May 2000.Cullen, Dave. Inside the Columbine High Investigation.  Salon.com. 23 Sept. 1999.Cullen, Dave. Kill Mankind. No one should survive.  Salon.com. 23 Sept. 1999.Dickenson, Amy. Where Were the Parents?  Time. 3 May 1999.Gibbs, Nancy. The Next Door: A Special Report on the Colorado School Massacre.  Time. 3 May 1999: 25-36.Levy, Steven. Loitering on the Dark Side.  Newsweek. 3 May 1999: 39.

Arguments for and Against Horse Slaughter

Arguments for and Against Horse Slaughter While animal advocates argue against horse slaughter, some horse breeders and owners say that horse slaughter is a necessary evil. According to The Morning News, â€Å"a recent national poll found that almost 70 percent of Americans support a federal ban on horse slaughter for human consumption.† As of May 2009, there are no slaughterhouses killing horses for human consumption in the United States. There is now a federal bill pending that would prohibit horse slaughter in the US and would prohibit the transport of live horses for slaughter. While this federal bill is pending, several individual states are considering horse slaughterhouses. A Montana bill allowing horse slaughter and protecting potential slaughterhouse owners became law in April 2009. A bill modeled on the Montana law is now pending in Tennessee. Slaughter for Human Consumption Horses were being slaughtered for human consumption in the US as recently as 2007. In 2005, Congress had voted to withhold funding for USDA inspections of horse meat. This move should have stopped horse slaughter because the meat cannot be sold for human consumption without USDA inspections, but the USDA responded by adopting new rules that allowed the slaughterhouses to pay for the inspections themselves. A 2007 court ruling ordered the USDA to stop the inspections. Horses Still Being Slaughtered Although horses are no longer slaughtered for human consumption in the US, live horses are still shipped to foreign slaughterhouses. According to Keith Dane, Director of Equine Protection for the Humane Society of the US, about 100,000 live horses are shipped to Canadian and Mexican slaughterhouses each year, and the meat is sold in Belgium, France, and other countries. A lesser-known issue is that of horse slaughter for pet food and for zoos to feed to carnivores. According to Dane, these facilities are not required to be inspected by the USDA, so statistics are not available. The existence of such facilities usually goes unnoticed until there are a cruelty allegation and investigation. The International Society for the Protection of Exotic Animal Kind and Livestock, Inc. alleges that one such slaughterhouse in New Jersey kills the horses in an inhumane manner, and the case is still under investigation. According to Dane, most major pet food companies do not use horse meat, so there’s little chance of buying cat or dog food that supports horse slaughter. There are many reasons a breeder or owner may decide to sell a specific horse for slaughter, but on a macro level, the problem is overbreeding. Arguments For Horse Slaughter Some view horse slaughter as a necessary evil, to humanely dispose of unwanted horses. Unlike dogs and cats, unwanted horses cannot be dropped off at the local animal shelter. Sanctuaries for horses do exist, but there are not enough of them. Euthanasia is not always financially feasible. Having the horse humanely euthanized and then having the body of a 1,200-pound animal disposed of or transported to a rendering plant is expensive, sometimes prohibitively so. Rendering plants that turn horses into fertilizer and industrial products will accept carcasses, but do not pay for them. Some argue that the alternative to horse slaughter is neglect and abandonment. Horse slaughter proponents argue that horses should be treated no differently from cows, pigs or chickens, and there is no reason horses should not be slaughtered for human consumption. Arguments Against Horse Slaughter Animal rights activists do not believe in killing any animals for food, but there are several arguments that apply specifically to horses. Horse slaughter increases prices and profits for horse breeding. If there is no profitable or easy way to dispose of unwanted horses, fewer horses will be bred. As reported in the Morning News, Before slaughterhouses closed, ranchers knew they could get $1 per pound for the meat. The same meat is now worth only about 20 cents per pound[...] Ranchers are also simply getting out of the horse business, said Ross Lockhart, owner of Stockman’s Pride in Bentonville. He used to raise registered quarter horses but hasn’t bred anything for the past two years. Many Americans believe horses are special and should be treated more like companion animals than livestock. Neglect and abandonment do not increase when slaughterhouses close. According to the International Fund for Horses: California banned horse slaughter in 1998. California has experienced no increase in abuse case, and even noted a decrease 3 years following the ban. During the 4 years that [the Cavel slaughterhouse] was closed, Illinois saw a noticeable decrease in abuse and/or neglect cases. Texas, which had the only two slaughter plants in 2003, had among the nations highest rates of cruelty and theft. Some believe that horse slaughter is unusually cruel. At some slaughterhouses, horses are first stunned with a captive bolt gun, then bled to death. However, the horses are sometimes improperly stunned and are sometimes skinned and bled while still conscious. Allowing horse slaughter creates another source of profit for thoroughbred breeders, thereby supporting horse racing, to which many animal advocates object. Several major horse racetracks oppose horse slaughter. There are about 9 million domestic horses in the US, and approximately one percent of that number are sent to foreign slaughterhouses each year. If shipping live horses for slaughter were banned, that relatively small number of horses could be absorbed by the horse community in the US. The Upshot Whether prohibiting the export of live horses for slaughter will lead to neglect and abandonment remains to be seen, especially in an economy where foreclosures threaten all types of companion animals. However, several major racetracks oppose horse slaughter and taking away an incentive for breeding or overbreeding is a powerful argument against horse slaughter.

Impressment and the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

Impressment and the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair The impressment of United States seamen from American ships by the British Royal Naval created serious friction between the United States and Britain. This tension was heightened by the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair in 1807 and was a major cause of the  War of 1812.   Impressment and the British Royal Navy Impressment denotes the forceful taking of men and placing them into a navy. It was done without notice and was commonly used by the British Royal Navy in order to crew their warships. The Royal Navy normally used it during wartime when not only British merchant sailors were â€Å"impressed† but also sailors from other countries. This practice was also known as â€Å"the press† or â€Å"press gang† and it was first used by the Royal Navy in 1664 at the onset of the Anglo-Dutch wars. Although most British citizens strongly disapproved of impressment as being unconstitutional because they were not subject to conscription for other military branches, the British courts upheld this practice. This was mainly due to the fact that naval power was vital to Britain maintaining its’ existence.   The HMS Leopard and the USS Chesapeake In June 1807, the British HMS Leopard opened fire on USS Chesapeake which was forced to surrender. British sailors then removed four men from the Chesapeake who had deserted from the British Navy. Only one of the four was a British citizen, with the three others being Americans who had been impressed into British naval service. Their impressment caused widespread public outrage in the U.S. At the time, the British, as well as most of Europe, were engaged in fighting the French in what is known as the Napoleonic Wars, with the battles starting in 1803. In 1806, a hurricane damaged two French warships, the Cybelle  and  Patriot, which made their way into Chesapeake Bay for necessary repairs so that they could make the return trip to France.   In 1807, the British Royal Navy had a number of ships, including the Melampus and the  Halifax, which were conducting a blockade off the United States coast in order to capture Cybelle and Patriot if they became seaworthy and left Chesapeake Bay, as well as prevent the French from obtaining much needed supplies from the U.S. Several men from the British ships deserted and sought the protection of the U.S. government. They had deserted near Portsmouth, Virginia, and made their way into the city where they were seen by naval officers from their respective ships. The British request that these deserters be handed over was completely ignored by local American authorities and enraged Vice Admiral George Cranfield Berkeley, the Commander of the British North American Station at Halifax, Nova Scotia. Four of the deserters, one of which was a British citizen - Jenkins Ratford – with the three others – William Ware, Daniel Martin, and John Strachan – being Americans who had been impressed into British naval service, enlisted in the U.S. Navy. They were stationed on the USS Chesapeake which just happened to be moored in Portsmouth and was about to embark on a trip to the Mediterranean Sea. Upon learning that Ratford had been bragging about his escape from the British custody, Vice Admiral Berkeley had issued an order that if a ship of the Royal Navy should find the  Chesapeake at sea, it was that ship’s duty to stop the Chesapeake and capture the deserters. The British were very intent on making an example of these deserters. On June 22, 1807, the Chesapeake left its’ port Chesapeake Bay and as it sailed past Cape Henry, Captain Salisbury Humphreys of the HMS Leopard sent a small boat to the  Chesapeake  and gave Commodore James Barron a copy of Admiral Berkeley orders that the deserters were to be arrested.   After Barron refused, the Leopard fired almost point blank seven cannon balls into the unprepared Chesapeake which was outgunned and therefore was forced to almost immediately surrender. The Chesapeake suffered several causalities during this very brief skirmish and in addition, the British took custody of the four deserters. The four deserters were taken to Halifax to be tried. The Chesapeake had suffered a fair amount of damage, but was able to return to Norfolk where the news of what had taken place quickly spread.   Once this news was made known throughout the United States which had very recently rid itself of British rule these further transgressions by the British was met with complete and total disdain.   American Reaction The American public was furious and demanded that the United States declare war against the British.   President Thomas Jefferson proclaimed that â€Å"Never since the Battle of Lexington have I seen this country in such a state of exasperation as at present, and even that did not produce such unanimity.† Although they were normally politically polar opposites, the Republican  and  Federalist parties were both aligned and it appeared that U.S. and Britain would soon be at war. However, President Jeffersons hands were tied militarily because the American army was small in number due to the Republicans desire to reduce government spending. In addition, the U.S. Navy was also quite small and most ships were deployed in the Mediterranean attempting to stop the Barbary pirates from destroying trade routes. President Jefferson was intentionally slow in taking action against the British knowing that the calls from war would subside – which they did. Instead of war, President Jefferson called for economic pressure against Britain with the result being the  Embargo Act. The Embargo Act proved to be highly unpopular with American merchant who had benefited for nearly a decade from the conflict between the British and the French, collecting large profits by conducting trade with both sides while maintaining neutrality. Aftermath In the end, the embargoes and economic did not work with the American merchants losing their shipping rights because Great Britain refused to make any concessions to the U.S. It seemed evident that only war would restore the United States autonomy in shipping. On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain with a major reason being trade restrictions which had been imposed by the British. Commodore Barron was found guilty of â€Å"neglecting on the probability of an engagement, to clear his ship for action,† and was suspended from the U.S. Navy for five years without pay. On August 31, 1807, Ratford was convicted by court-martial for mutiny and desertion among other charges. He was sentenced to death the Royal Navy hanged him from a sail mast of the HMS  Halifax – the ship that he had escaped from looking for his freedom. While there is truly no way of knowing just how many American sailors were impressed into the Royal Navy, it is estimated that over one thousand men were impressed per year into the British service.