Business Plan Brownies - 4223 Words

I. Nature of Business History A sweet chocolate dessert that has a history of different stories of origin but all pointing to being created around the mid 1800s. Brownies may have derived from chocolate cakes, becoming a denser and shorter version. Typically, a brownie is approximately 1 inch in height and since it is quite dense, it has a chewy texture that provides a very sweet flavor. There are a wide variety of different types of brownies made, all very similar in consistency and flavor. The first known recipe for brownies was published in the 1897 Sears, Roebuck Catalogue. The origin of the Brownie is thought to be American. It is classified as a bar cookie and is thought to derive its name from the brown color of the cookie.†¦show more content†¦Brownies have plenty of competitors such as breads and other pastries. Preparation of brownies seems to be simple but its not. One should be careful enough to put exact amount of every ingredient. Overmixing the ingredients can cause brownies to turn out tough or for a thin crust to form on top. Mix wet and dry ingredients just long enough to blend them, taking special care not to overbeat after the eggs are added. Also, time of cooking such should be considered. Its easy to be burned. Brownies arent a low-fat treat. Besides the butterÂâ€"as much as 8 ounces, or one full stick, per batchÂâ€"theres the cocoa butter in the chocolate itself. And many tasters cant tell the difference! - Opportunities: Doing other kinds of brands of Brownies is a challenge to them of this kind of business. Many people love eating brownies during snacks and after every meal. Although this product has several competitors, still there are only few shops that produce brownies. - Treats: When customers do not buy anymore their product, they might found and tried another brand. So, well have to consider customers preference to maintain our customers. Brownies from Biancas are one of a kind delicious treats. With everything from corporate gifts, closing gifts to brownie gift baskets, youll find a treat that will delight you and put you in brownie heaven with each luscious bite. Biancas Brownies also offer brownies forShow MoreRelatedProject Management1737 Words   |  7 PagesForm The Perfect Cup Business Plan for the Period Starting January 2005 Business Overview Business History The Perfect Cup is a new restaurant venture with an expected opening date in March of 2005 in Somewhereville, Texas. The business is a coffee shop located in Old Town, a newly renovated section of town, with antique shops and galleries along the main street. We will specialize in coffee, tea, cappuccino, frozen cappuccino, and homemade cookies and brownies. There are no other shopsRead MoreCoffee Shop1526 Words   |  7 PagesSample coffee shop business plan A sample business plan for a coffee shop which can be used to create your own business plan or help you assess the risks and benefits of opening a coffee shop or similar business. Sponsored Links [pic][pic]    |If you are planning to open a coffee shop, the very first thing you need to do is write a business plan. This is useful in many | |ways: it will allow you time to consider all your options before committing as well as put down on paper your goalsRead MoreBussines Plan for a Coffee Shop1238 Words   |  5 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY The report elaborates on the proposed business plan of Meeru Coffee Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (herein referred as the company). The main aim of the business plan is to propose how the company aims to run its operations in order to promote a good brand image of the company in the market (target audience), to generate a high profit. This business plan highlights the potential customer base, needed staffing and marketing mix and also highlights the financial details of the proposed cafà ©. INTRODUCTION Read MoreFeasibility Study of Malungay865 Words   |  4 Pagesmore exciting. * Hot/Iced Coffee * Cappuccino * Latte * Mocha * Cafà © Americano * Espresso * Brewed Coffee * Chocolate Cake * Mocha Cake * Carrot Cake * Cupcakes * Black Forest Cake * Cookies * Brownies * French Fry * Fried Dumpling * Chicken nugget * Watermelon shake * Four Season shake * Cookies and Cream Shake * Ripe mango shake * Green Mango shake * Ube shake * Chocolate Shake Demand Coffee Circus isRead MoreMarketing Proposal : Marketing Plan1575 Words   |  7 PagesGreyston Bakery Marketing Proposal Executive Summary Marketing is a very crucial component of every business. The case study mentioned in this paper discusses a complex business structure, where the company’s goals are more concerned with community and environment sustainability. However, for the concerned company to achieve its goals, the Chief Executive Officer needs to improve its profitability without deviating from the core mission. This proposal will address the key issues facing the companyRead MoreLakota Hills Essay636 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Case 2 – Lakota Hills Challenges and advantages of developing a specialty food business: The specialty food business can be rewarding and exciting, but it can also be a real struggle. Specialty foods can range from salad dressing to chocolate sauce to fragrant breads. If you can make it, you can sell it--provided you know how. The specialty food business is more about marketing than cooking, getting your product on the shelves and then off again into customers shopping carts. You can lookRead MoreCoffee Shop Comparison: Coffee Spot and Starbucks1233 Words   |  5 Pagescomplimentary hygiene sheets for those needing to sit down. The people drinking coffee are younger than those in the Coffee Spot; there are business people in shirts and ties, college-age males and females using laptop computers (there is WiFi) Coffee Spot: Customers wait in line to be served and while in line they stand near a glass case holding cookies, brownies, pastries and doughnuts. The presentation is similar to an old-fashioned bakery (long racks of baked goods) and there are smears on theRead MoreCoffee Shop2048 Words   |  9 PagesJohn David Y. I. Introduction The proposed study revolves around the creation of The Coffee House, a proposed small scale business that will be situated in the fast changing environment which is constantly changing due to constructions of buildings and other facilities in the Global City in Taguig City. The study will tackle from the history of the business up to the technical and financial aspects of the study, the said study will also develop the keen observation skills of the studentsRead MoreStarbucks Case Summary and Answers1132 Words   |  5 Pagesand specific countries where there is a large American brand recognition and presence. This will help to reduce marketing costs substantially while foster growth. b. Starbucks should identify specific lines of consumer goods such as cookies, brownies, ice creams, etc. which can be sold with coffee. Since Starbucks is already present across the country, it has to infuse these products into the distribution channels and make them available at the stores for bringing in added revenue and increaseRead More internship Essay examples962 Words   |  4 Pagesand from the bathroom. Supervising students during breakfast and lunch and assisting with clean up. Being responsible for picking up and returning materials to the GEAR UP office. Attending weekly Staff and Team meetings to discuss the past week and plan for the weeks ahead. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This internship opened many doors leading to my future. This would not only help me academically and financially, but would also provide me with necessary experience in real world situations. This

Giraffatitan - Facts and Figures

Name: Giraffatitan (Greek for giant giraffe); pronounced jih-RAFF-ah-tie-tan Habitat: Plains and woodlands of Africa Historical Period: Late Jurassic (150 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 80 feet long and 40 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; quadrupedal posture; longer front than hind legs; long, massive neck About Giraffatitan Giraffatitan is one of those dinosaurs that dances around the fringes of respectability: its existence is attested to by numerous fossil specimens (discovered in the African nation of Tanzania), but the suspicion lingers that this giant giraffe was actually a species of an existing genus of sauropod, most likely Brachiosaurus. However Giraffatitan winds up being classified, theres no doubt that it was one of the tallest (if not one of the heaviest) sauropods ever to walk the earth, with a hugely elongated neck that would have allowed it to hold its head more than 40 feet above ground level (a pose that most paleontologists think is unrealistic, considering the metabolic demands this would have placed on Giraffatitans heart). Although Giraffatitan does bear a marked resemblance to a modern giraffe--especially considering its long neck and longer front than hind legs--its name is a bit deceptive. Most dinosaurs that end with the Greek root titan are titanosaurs--the widespread family of thunderous, four-legged plant-eaters that evolved from the sauropods of the late Jurassic period, and were characterized by their large sizes and   lightly armored skin. Even at 80 feet long and upwards of 30 to 40 tons, Giraffitan would have been dwarfed by the true titanosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era, such as Argentinosaurus and the oddly spelled Futalognkosaurus, both of which lived in late Cretaceous South America.

The Association For Manufacturing Technology - 1728 Words

The Association For Manufacturing Technology (AMT), a trade association located in Northern Virginia was established in 1902. AMT services over 600 member organizations who are engaged in the manufacture and or distribution of manufacturing technology commonly used by industries engaged in the manufacture of primary and fabricated metal products, power generation and industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, transportation equipment including motor vehicles, and medical equipment and supplies among others. â€Å"The Association For Manufacturing Technology’s members strive to be the global leaders in innovating, producing, and implementing advanced manufacturing technology solutions. In support of its members, AMT is an active†¦show more content†¦Perhaps not unlike many other organizations operating before the widespread use of powerful personal computing platforms and the internet, AMT was slow to move into the realm of business intelligence with analytical rigor. Around 2009 things started to change dramatically with AMT’s focus on leveraging data and information. At that time the organization hired a new president to lead the industry. He had come to the association from industry and had over 25 years of experience as a top executive leading for profit manufacturing technology companies. His insight was to acknowledge that the organization needed to diversify its revenue streams to help mitigate an unpredictable loss or reduction in the associations long standing primary revenue generator, the biannual International Manufacturing Technology Show or IMTS. The new revenue generating idea he championed and set in motion at that time centered on business intelligence. Thus, the MTInsight business intelligence platform was introduced. The MTInsight platform was designed to deliver customized business intelligence that members would pay for above and beyond what was covered by their annual membership dues. In addition, the organization wished to build the internalShow MoreRelatedRequirements Of The Computer Aided Manufacturing Systems With A Special Focus On Mes Functionality1626 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, the rapidly changing environment requires rapid changes in manufacturing systems. Industries must adapt their manufacturing systems to maximise their productivity and the profitability of production. Customers increasingly require a shorter time to market. The changes include shorter product life-cycles, increasing requirements for quality, increasing the customisation of products, the faster implementation of advanced technology and optimising the cost of energy. These expanding options affectRead MoreThe Mission Of The Accounting And Financial Functional Area1266 Words   |  6 PagesDirector of Finance for I nformation Technology Systems. The Director of Finance for Production and Operations will support the growth of the company by working directly with P O functional managers to provide the funding for the retooling and expansion of current production lines and the sourcing of raw materials. As the business expands, the director and staff will take an active role in negotiating costs for new manufacturing and warehouse space, manufacturing equipment, distribution carriersRead More The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and The Industries Development and Regulation Act1108 Words   |  4 Pagescollectives in the country. MSME that is Micro Small and Medium Enterprises is joined collaboration of Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries (MARI) and Ministry of Small Scale Industries. According to Act, 2006, all types of enterprises including association of people, Cooperative society, partnership firm, company can register and get benefits of Act. Clustering of units also enables providers of various services to them, including banks and credit agencies, to provide their services more economicallyRead MoreSafety Management Of A Manufacturing Company1635 Words   |  7 Pages Safety Management in a Manufacturing Company Sai Kireeti Sunkara 50157982 Manuscript Assignment TMGT 595 01E Applied Research in Engineering Technology Safety Management in a Manufacturing Company In 1987, Motorola presented the Six-Sigma procedure. Their goal was to diminish procedure yield variety so that six standard deviation lie between the mean and the closest detail limit. As indicated by this procedure in a great deal of one million open doors, 3.4 defects (per million)Read MoreSituational Analysis, Easton Sports1206 Words   |  5 Pages*OVERVIEW* Easton Bell Sports, Inc. is a leading designer, developer in sporting good products and accessories. 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Information technology and tools based on IT enabled them toRead MoreGlobalisation and the Coca-Cola Company1379 Words   |  6 Pagesremained true to its commitment to provide quality, refreshing, and satisfying products to consumers. In order to ensure each product tastes the same across the globe, Coca-Cola continues to keep the beverage recipes secret with tightly controlled manufacturing facilities. CocaCola has never lost sight of its goal to be the best beverage company in the world. Now, let us take a closer look at Coca Cola’s journey to globalization. Coca-Cola’s Journey to Globalization Founded back in the 1880’s, Coca-Cola

Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis - 1420 Words

It has been rare in American history for presidents and vice-presidents not to get along, but it has happened on a few occasions: Adams and Jefferson, Kennedy and Johnson, and Eisenhower and Nixon are a few examples (Jackson vs. Calhoun-Part 1 1). However, the most controversial relationship between president and his assistant was between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun. Their disagreements began very early on in Jacksons administration, and lasted until after the resolution of the Nullification Crisis. Nullification is the refusal of a state to recognize a federal law within its boundaries and deem that law unconstitutional. In this case, South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, refused to recognize the protective tariffs in 1828, and†¦show more content†¦We do further declare that we will not submit to the application of force on the part of the Federal Government (Hamilton 1). Jackson, appalled by this direct threat to the Union and the Federal Government, was determine d to put Calhoun in his place and do anything he could to preserve the Union. Although Calhoun had stated in his Ordinance that South Carolina would not respond to any forceful acts by the government to attempt to get Calhoun to back down, Jackson found a way to outsmart his opponent. Jackson had congress pass a bill in 1833, which allowed him to use soldiers to enforce the tariff measures (Nullification Crisis 1). After the Force Bill was passed, Jackson sent several warships and hundreds of soldiers to Charleston to enforce the laws of the government. Some people argue that what Jackson did was wrong because based on the constitution, Calhoun had the right to declare Nullification for South Carolina. However, what Jackson did was also constitutional and enabled the United States of America to remain as one. Had Jackson not passed the Force Bill immediately after South Carolinas Ordinance was received, Calhouns scheme may have succeeded and South CarolinaShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson And James Madison1193 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nullification Crisis was the formal suspension by a state of federal law inside the borders. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were the first voices to introduce this concept to oppose the alien and sedition acts. The convention in New England saw that it was protection against federal intrusion on citizen’s territories and their rights. 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Quality Nursing Care Free Essays

string(108) " education and health promotion, creative thinking and reflection as elements of high quality patient care\." NURSING EXAMPLE A Summary of Proposed Research Program for Master of Philosophy Title: The Delivery of Quality Nursing Care: A Grounded Theory Study of the Nurses’ Perspective Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the delivery of quality nursing care from the perspective of practising nurses working in the acute public hospital setting of Western Australia (WA). The study will examine the actions and interactions attributed to quality, and factors identified as enhancing or inhibiting the delivery of quality nursing care. A grounded theory approach is proposed. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Nursing Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now The sample for the study will be drawn from nurses working in an acute public hospital located in Perth, WA. Data will be collected using semi-structured interviews and some observation. It is estimated that approximately 10-15 interviews will be performed. Theoretical sampling will guide the selection of participants. The significance of this research will be to increase understanding of this complex phenomenon and contribute to efforts aimed at improving and maintaining quality nursing care within the current context of the WA health care system. A substantive theory explaining the process of quality care, focussing on the nurses’ perspective, in an acute public hospital setting, will be developed. Implications for practice will be discussed and directions for further research in this area will be provided. Objectives The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the delivery of quality nursing care from the perspective of practising nurses, working in the acute public hospital setting of WA. The study will examine the actions and interactions attributed to quality, and factors identified as enhancing or inhibiting the delivery of quality nursing care. The objectives guiding this proposed study are: 1. To explore and describe nurses’ perceptions of the meaning of quality nursing care. 2. To describe nurses’ experiences in the delivery of nursing care given to patients in hospital and to compare these with their expectations of quality nursing care. 3. To explore factors identified by nurses as enhancing and as inhibiting quality nursing care. 4. To develop a substantive theory which explains the process used to deliver quality nursing care in an acute public hospital setting, as perceived by nurses. Background The provision of quality patient care is a priority in all health care institutions (Erith-Toth Spencer, 1991). Formal definitions of what constitutes quality are numerous (Ambler Peters, 1991), as are the approaches used to assess the quality of patient care (Harvey, 1991; MacGuire, 1991). Although much has been written about the phenomenon of quality care, significant variations exist in its interpretation and use, â€Å"unaware or undeterred by the conceptual confusion, quality care continues to be assured, controlled, evaluated and managed in the Health Service today† (Attree, 1993, p. 55). Furthermore, definitions and assessment of quality have rarely considered the reality faced by nurses on a daily basis, in the practice and delivery of quality care. Quality nursing care has been studied from various perspectives using different methods. Much of the research reported in the literature has been quantitative in nature and undertaken in countries other than Australia, par ticularly North America. Some studies have focussed on the measurement of quality nursing care (Gilloran, McGlew, McKee, Robertson Wight, 1993; MacGuire, 1991; Pearson, Durant Punton, 1989; Kitson, 1985), or the meaning of quality nursing care from either the nurses’ perspective (Janhonen, 1993; Forchuk ; Kirkpatrick, 1991; Whelan, 1988; Jenkins, 1988) or the patients’ perspective (Irurita, 1993; Erith-Toth Spencer, 1991; Deeny McCrea, 1991; Rempusheski, Chamberlain, Picard, Ruzanski Collier, 1988). Other studies have compared the perceptions of quality nursing care from the perspective of nurses and patients (Norman, Redfern, Tomalin Oliver, 1992; Yonge, 1989; Varholak, 1989; Board, 1988). Of the studies that have explored nurses’ perceptions of quality care, two included some elements of the delivery of nursing care (Forchuk ; Kirkpatrick, 1991; Jenkins, 1988). Those studies differ from this proposed study in context, as both were carried out in North America and used health settings other than acute public hospitals. Forchuk ; Kirkpatrick (1991) used survey methods in their study of quality care in a psychiatric facility where nurses indicated that the nursing care they 2 delivered was â€Å"†¦ the best possible under unfavourable conditions† (p8). Barriers to quality nursing care were identified as â€Å"heavy workload and staffing issues† (p8). However, the results of this study are limited by use of a convenience sample and administration of a questionnaire for which reliability and validity were not demonstrated. Jenkins studied quality nursing care in a small hospital in the United States and used a similar design to that proposed for this study. Using the grounded theory method, the characteristics of quality nursing care from the nurses’ perspective were found to be â€Å"technical care, adequate time, assessment, observation, teaching, communication, and individualised care†. Some enhancing and inhibiting factors were identified, as well as positive and negative outcomes in the status of the patients. This proposed study is justified in that although the methodology is similar, the study by Jenkins was undertaken in a small hospital, whilst this study will be undertaken in a large acute public hospital. Furthermore, the cultural aspects of this proposed study are different. Another study of quality nursing care was carried out within the context of an acute public hospital setting in WA (Irurita, 1993). This study used grounded theory to explore quality nursing care from the patients’ perspective. Patients described different levels of care and suggested that high quality nursing care could not be expected due to intervening conditions such as lack of time, high patient turnover, competing demands on the nurse, lack of consistency and continuity in nurses assigned to their care, ageism, shortage of staff, lack of co-ordination on ward, and communication problems between doctornurse- patients. These findings raise questions requiring further exploration, including the nurses’ perspective. A number of factors may determine the quality of care delivered by nurses to patients. A review of the literature by Fitzpatrick, While, and Roberts (1992) identified nursing competence, use of research, communication skills, care management and organisation of workload, provision of health education and health promotion, creative thinking and reflection as elements of high quality patient care. You read "Quality Nursing Care" in category "Papers" A number of research studies have equated the quality of nursing with the ability of the nurse to exhibit caring behaviours towards their patients. Some of these studies have explored the behaviours identified by nurses (From, 1992; Clarke Wheeler, 1992; Mangold, 1991; Chipman, 1991; Schaefer Lucke, 1990; Morrison, 1990; Forrest, 1989; Larson, 1986), while others the behaviours identified by patients (Fosbinder, 1991; Cronin Harrison, 1988; Brown, 1986; Rieman, 1986; Larson, 1984). Some of the research has compared the views of nurses and patients (Appleton, 1993; Smit Spoelstra, 1991; Lapsley, 1989; Larson, 1987; Mayer, 1986). Whereas caring has been described as an important component of quality nursing care, exploratory research is lacking in the study of factors which may influence the nurses’ ability to exhibit caring behaviours under varying conditions, and what additional factors may be involved in the delivery of quality nursing care. There is evidence in the literature to suggest that although nurses may be capable of providing quality care and know what constitutes quality care, their performance in practice may be affected by factors such as decreased numbers and the resulting reduction in available time, which can prevent the delivery of quality nursing care (Forchuk ; Kirkpatrick, 1991; Hendrickson, Doddato ; Kovner, 1990). A recent survey of 2,488 Australian nurses (Millis ; Tattam, 1994) found that budgetary cuts and management restructuring were having a negative impact on nurses’ work environment. Increased workload, reduced standards of care (particularly in the public sector), and a lack of improvement in patient care were also said to be apparent. In WA, hundreds of nurses protested at a rally organised by the Australian Nursing Federation to express concerns about the effects of economic cutbacks in the WA health environment. Specifically, the dismantling of the WA Nurses’ Career Structure and the reduction of nursing positions were said to be having a negative effect on the delivery of quality nursing care (Bartley, 1994). Nursing staff in the hospital environment of WA are currently challenged to maintain and improve the quality of care in the face of changing work patterns and moves to promote earlier discharge of hospitalised patients resulting from increasing economic restrictions (Health Observer, 1994). The indication that problems exist in the delivery of quality nursing care in WA warrants closer examination, to discover how nurses deliver quality care and factors which nurses perceive to affect the delivery of quality nursing care in the resent context of acute public hospitals in WA. Increasingly it is recognised that gaps exist between theory and practice (Chine ; Jacobs, 1987; Riley ; Oermann, 1992), an understanding may exist among nurses as to what constitutes quality nursing care, but what actually occurs in practice, under varying conditions, may differ from the recognised standard. Documentation of strategies used by nurses to maintain quality when conditions are adverse are 3 bsent in the literature, as is information indicating what circumstances are favourable to quality care provision and what constitutes the highest quality of nursing care. The suggestion that the delivery of quality nursing care within the public hospital context of WA may be subject to variation and be influenced by different conditions requires further investigation. As stated earlier in this proposal, some research has been performed in other countries on this phenomenon, but few studies have explored quality nursing care from the perspective of practising nurses. The use of the grounded theory method to research the phenomenon of quality nursing care allows exploration in terms of the current time, place and culture and can give new insights into a topic central to the practice of nursing (Chenitz ; Swanson, 1986). Furthermore, the gap between theory and practice may be reduced by a substantive theory developed in this way. Significance The significance of this research will be to increase our understanding of this complex phenomenon and contribute to efforts aimed at improving and maintaining quality nursing care, within the context of the WA health care system. A substantive theory explaining the process of quality nursing care, focussing on the nurses’ perspective, in an acute public hospital setting will be developed. Implications for practice will be discussed and directions for further research in this area will be provided. Research Method A qualitative research method is proposed for this study, using the grounded theory approach (Glaser Strauss, 1967). This method, which has its roots in Symbolic Interactionism, will reveal the reality of the quality ursing for nurses by interpreting data using a systematic set of procedures to develop a theory of the phenomenon, grounded in the findings (Strauss Corbin, 1990). Sample Selection The sample for the study will be drawn from nurses working in one area of an acute public hospital located in Perth, WA. Initially, a purposive sampling technique will be used to select nurses for interview. Only Registered Nurses with a minimum of six months post registration nursing experience (of w hich at least three must have been worked in the study area) will be approached. Participants will need to be able to reflect on and be willing to share detailed experiential information about the phenomenon. Volunteers will be sought initially at staff meetings and a contact number will be left on the notice board in each of the ward areas. Further participants will be approached using a theoretical sampling technique where initial analysis of data guides the researcher to subsequent specific data sources (Glaser Strauss, 1967). When this technique is used, sampling continues until ‘theoretical saturation’ occurs. This is recognised by the establishment and denseness of identified categories as well as an absence of new concepts in the data (Strauss Corbin, 1990). It is estimated that approximately 10-15 participants will be selected for interview, the final number being determined by theoretical saturation. Procedure Data will be collected from nurses through tape-recorded interviews guided by questions reflecting the objectives of the study (Appendix A). A semi-structured interviews technique will be used where, â€Å"use of the interview guide is not rigidly adhered to by the interviewer† (Chenitz Swanson, 1986, p. 67). In this technique the researcher explores different aspects of the topic in detail using probes such as how, what, where and when. Interviews will take place in mutually agreeable private venues where the risk of interruptions is perceived to be minimal. Basic demographic information will be gathered from participants before the interview commences (Appendix B). The primary source of data will be the transcribed interviews, however, published literature and some observation will be used as additional data sources. The observations will be performed by the researcher (who is regularly assigned to clinical areas) and recorded by field notes. The main objective of these observations will be to verify data obtained by interview. Furthermore, additional aspects may be noted to be included in subsequent interviews. Data Analysis The constant comparative method of data analysis will be used, whereby data are simultaneously collected, coded and analysed, in a way that allows the creativity necessary for the generation of a theory (Glaser Strauss, 1967). Interviews will be transcribed verbatim on a word processor and organised for 4 analysis using the Ethnograph computer software (Seidel, 1988). This package numbers each line of the interview transcript and allows for segments of the interview to be coded and selected as required. Firstly, interview transcripts will be coded line by line, sentence by sentence, by a process of ‘open coding’, to identify and label common themes and categories by asking questions about the content (Strauss Corbin, 1990). This will be done by extensively reading the data and listening to the tapes. Categories and subcategories will be developed from this, abbreviated and ‘mapped’ onto the numbered interview transcript through the Ethnograph. Coded segments from the interviews will be accessed from the computer for ‘Axial Coding’. This involves putting the data back together again in new ways by making connections between the coded categories and subcategories. ‘Memos’ and ‘diagrams’ will be used throughout the process of analysis. ‘Selective coding’ in which the core category is identified, relationships validated and sub-categories expanded, will take place before a ‘conditional matrix’ is constructed and a substantive theory developed (Strauss Corbin, 1990). Reliability and Validity A number of strategies will be employed throughout this study to ensure that he data collection and interpretation accurately reflects the phenomenon. Guba (1981) and LeCompte and Goetz (1982) discuss a number of ways in which reliability and validity issues of qualitative research can be addressed. This study has been designed to incorporate measures to address these issues as follows: †¢ To avoid bias in the data collection and analysis, the researcher (who possesses current personal experience of nursing in a hospital setting) will raise awareness of own preconceptions and bias to the topic by being interviewed by another researcher, using the proposed interview guide. The researcher will avoid imposing these preconceptions on the data collection and analysis. Furthermore, interview transcripts will be reviewed by an independent person to detect the presence of any such bias. A personal diary will also be kept. †¢ Interviews will be transcribed verbatim and transcripts will be checked for accuracy by listening to the tape recording. †¢ The process of data collection and analysis will be clearly described. †¢ During the coding of the data, other researchers will be asked to separately code segments of the transcripts to confirm the categories identified by the researcher. Once the description of the phenomenon is complete, a sample of participants will be approached and asked to validate the description by reading it and seeing if it makes sense in terms of their own experience. Ethical Issues The proposed research will be submitted through the Human Research Ethical Committee at Curtin University of Technology. The study has already been approved for implementation by the Nursing Research and Ethical Review Committee at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital. Each participant will be informed of the purpose of the study. Participants’ personal contribution together with their human rights will be explained and the opportunity to ask questions about the study will be provided. Once the participant is satisfied with the requirements of the study, a consent form will be signed. The consent outlines the purpose of the study, its voluntary nature, the right to withdraw at any time without penalty, as well as providing an assurance that all information provided will be treated in a non-identifiable, confidential manner (Appendix C). The consent form will be signed by the participant and the researcher, and a copy will be kept by each. Participants will be identified on the interview transcript by a numerical number. The identity of the participants will be known only to the researcher who will keep names and workplace details in a secure place, separate to the transcripts (this information will be required if further contact is necessary). In keeping with the requirements of the University, the transcribed interviews and field notes will be kept for a period of five years. Facilities and Resources The majority of expenses related to this project have already been funded by the Nursing Division of Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital. Additional expenses are estimated as follows: Photocopying and paper 5 reams @ $8 $440 5 Inter-Library Loans $200 Audio tapes 5 tapes @ $3 $15 Batteries 6 batteries @ $1 $6 Travel $100 Micro cassette recorder $400 Total: $1 161 Data Storage Data collected will be qualitative in nature and will be stored on a computer while analyses using Ethnograph computer software are completed. The data files will be maintained for five years after which they will be destroyed. Timeline June-August Year 1 Proposal submitted to University Ethics Committee August Year 1-January Year 2 Data collection and analysis February-June Year 2 Writing of final report 6 References Ambler Peters, D. (1991). Measuring quality: Inspection of opportunity. Holistic Nurse Practitioner, 5(3), 1-7. Appleton, C. (1993). The art of nursing: The experience of patients and nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 892-899. Attree, M. (1993). An analysis of the concept â€Å"quality† as it relates to contemporary nursing care. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30(4), 355-369. Bartley, J. (1994). Hundreds of nurses protest parliament rally huge success. Australian Nursing Federation Newsletter, 10(4), 1-4. Board, R. F. J. (1988). The relationship of expertise to views of quality of nursing care for hospitalized prenatal women. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Michigan. (From Combined International Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1994, Abstract No. 1990114296) Brown, L. (1986). The experience of care: patient perspectives. Topics in Clinical Nursing, July, 56-62, Chenitz, C. , ; Swanson, C. (1986). From practice to grounded theory: Qualitative research in nursing. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley. Chinn, P. L. , ; Jacobs, M. K. (1987). Theory and nursing. The C. V. Mosby Company, USA. Chipman, Y. (1991). Caring: Its meaning and place in the practice of nursing. Journal of Nursing Education, 30(4), 171-175. Clarke, J. B. , ; Wheeler, S. J. (1992). A view of the phenomenon of caring in nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 1283-1290. Cronin, S. N. , ; Harrison, B. (1988). Importance of nurse caring behaviours as perceived by patients after myocardial infarction. Heart and Lung, 17(4), 374-380. Deeny, P. , ; McCrea, H. (1991). Stoma care: the patient’s perspective. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 39-46. Erith-Toth, P. , Spencer, M. (1991). A survey of patient perception of quality care. Journal of Enterostomal Therapy Nursing, 18, 122-125. Fitzpatrick, J. M. , While, A. E. , Roberts, J. D. (1992). The role of the nurse in high quality patient care: a review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 1210-1219. Forchuk, C. , Kirkpatrick, H. (1991). Nurses’ perception of quality of care. Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration, September/October, 7-16. Forrest, D. (1989). The experience of caring. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 14, 815-823. Fosbinder, D. M. (1991). Nursing care through the eyes of the patient. DNSc Thesis, University of San Diego (From Combined International Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1994, Abstract No. 1992143848). From, M. A. (1992). The development of a caring nursing student. Abstract from Book of Abstracts, International State of the Science Congress, Washington DC, August, 208. Gilloran, A. J. , McGlew, T. , McKee, K. , Robertson, A. , ; Wight, D. (1993). Measuring the quality of care in psychogeriatric wards. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 269-275. Glaser, B. , ; Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine. Guba, E. S. 1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29, 75-92. Harvey, G. (1991). An evaluation of approaches to assessing the quality of nursing care using (predetermined) quality assurance tools. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 277-286. Health Observer (1994). Silver Chain promotes early discharge. May, 18. Hendrickson, G. and Doddato, T. M. (1989). Setting priorities during the shortage. Nursing Outlook, 37(6), 280-284. Hendrickson, G. , Doddato, T. M. , ; Kovuer, C. T. (1990). How do nurses use their time? Journal of Nursing Administration, 20(3), 31-37. Irurita, V. (1993). From person to patient: Nursing care from the patient’s perspective. Unpublished report, Department of Nursing Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA. Janhonen, S. (1993). Finnish nurse instructors’ view of the core of nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30(2), 157-169. Jenkins, J. B. (1988). Quality in patient care as perceived by nursing care providers. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Texas at Austin. (From Combined International Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1994, Abstract No. 112616) Kitson, A. L. (1986). Indicators of quality in nursing care – an alternative approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 11, 133-144. 7 Larson, P. J. (1984). Important nurse caring behaviours perceived by patients with cancer. Oncology Nurses Forum, 11(6), 46-50. Larson, P. J. (1986). Cancer nurses’ perceptions of caring. Cancer Nursing, 9(2), 86-91 Larson, P. J. (1987). Comparison of cancer patients’ and professional nurses’ perceptions of important nurse caring behaviours. Heart and Lung, 16(2), 187-193. Lapsley, J. (1989). The caring nurse: Patient dimensions perceptions and expectations. Unpublished project, Perth, WA. Le Compte, M. D. , Goetz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 31-60. MacGuire, J. M. (1991). Quality care assessed: using the Senior Monitor index in three wards for the elderly before and after a change in primary nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 511-520. Mangold, A. M. (1991). Senior nursing students’ and professional nurses’ perceptions of effective caring behaviours: A comparative study. Journal of Nursing Education, 30(3), 134-9. Mayer, D. K. (1986). Cancer patients’ and families perceptions of nursing caring behaviours. Topics in Clinical Nursing, 8(2), 63-69. Millis, G. , Tattum, A. (1994). ANJ readership survey. The Australian Nursing Journal, 1(6), 14-16. Morrison, P. (1990). The caring attitude in nursing practice: a repertory grid study of trained nurses’ perceptions. Nurse Education Today, 11, 3-12. Norman, I. J. , Redfern, S. J. , Tomalin, D. A. , Oliver, S. (1992). Developing Flanagann’s critical incident technique to elicit indicators of high and low quality nursing care from patients and their nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 590-600. Pearson, A. , Durant, I. , Punton, S. 1989). Determining quality in a unit where nursing is the primary intervention. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 14, 269-273. Rempusheski, V. F. , Chamberlain, S. L. , Picard, H. B. , Ruzanski, J. , Collier, M. (1988). Expected and received care: patient perceptions. Nursing Administrative Quarterly, 12(3), 42-50. Rieman, D. J. (1986). Noncaring and caring in the clinical setting: patients’ de criptions. Topics in Clinical Nursing, 8(2), 30-36. Riley, D. , Oermann, M. (1992). Clinical teaching in nursing education (2nd edition). National League for Nursing: New York. Schaefer, K. M. Lucke, K. T. (1990). Caring – the work of the Clinical Nurse Specialist. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 4(2), 87-92. Seidal, J. V. (1988). The Ethnograph version 3. 0 [computer program]. Corvallis, O. R. Qualis Research Associates. Smit, J. Spoelstra, S. (1991). Do patients and nurses agree? Caring Magazine, October, 34-36. Strauss, A. , Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Graounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage: California. Varholak, D. M. (1989). Experiencing quality nursing care in a long term setting: A patient-nurse perspective. Unpublished manuscript. Columbia University Teachers College. Whelan, J. (1988). Ward sisters’ management styles and their effects on nurses’ perceptions of quality care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 13, 125-138. Yonge, O. J. ( 1989). Nurses ‘ and patients’ ‘ perceptions of constant care in an acute care psychiatric facility: A descriptive qualitative study. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, Canada. 8 APPENDIX A Interview Guide What does quality nursing care mean to you? How does one ensure that quality nursing care is given? Give examples, in your experience, where you think high quality nursing care was given. Describe an incident). What are some of the most important aspects to consider in the delivery of quality nursing care? Can these be prioritised? What factors (if any) prevent you from achieving the delivery of quality nursing care to your patients (or patients generally)? What factors enable or help in the delivery of quality nursing care? Give examples of where improvements in nursing care delivery could have been made. How would you rate the quality of care given to patients in your area of work? 9 APPENDIX B Demographic Information 1. Length of time employed at this hospital:_____________ 2. Length of time employed as a nurse:_____________ 3. Length of time employed on present ward:___________ 4. Level: New graduate______ Level 1_____ Level 2______ 5. Part-time______ Full-time______ 6. Initial nursing education: Hospital_________ College/University__________ 7. Year completed__________ 8. Post basic educational achievements: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 9. Current studies: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 10. Male_______ Female________ 11. Age_________ How to cite Quality Nursing Care, Papers

Changes by Tupac Essay Example For Students

Changes by Tupac Essay Music is a fantastic way for individuals to express their opinions on controversial topics such as racism and poverty. One of the most famous artists Tupac Shakur helped bring to the light issues such as racism even after the era of Martin Luther king. Tupacs song Changes ? can relate to similar examples of the stories we read in class like When I was a Child ?, Homeless on Campus ?, and Singer solution to solve poverty ?. The song relates about the calamity of African Americans, especially the extreme cruelty and torture they encountered. Tupac says that things will constantly stay the same until the person makes a difference, rather than delaying for the society to intercede. Its time for us as a people to make a change. Lets change the way we eat, change the way we live, and change the way we treat each other. ? â€Å"Tupac. All three of these writings have related context that match to the song Changes ? by Tupac. The writing When I was a child ? by Lillian Smith, shows us an example of what kind of hardships African Americans went through in their life. The young girl, who enjoyed staying at the Smiths family, was kicked out, because she was no longer good enough to be recognized as a person. At the end of her writing it says, I had not said a word, I did not say one, but she knew, and tears slowly rolled down her little white face. ? This shows us how backwards everything seemed in the midst of segregation. Once they realized that she wasnt a white girl, her appearance no longer mattered to them. In the song Changes ? by Tupac, he says, I see no changes. All I see is racist faces. Misplaced hate makes disgrace to races we under. I wonder hat it takes to make this one better place lets erase the wasted. ? He describes the feelings African Americans had when they were not treated equal, just like how the young girl was treated in When I was a Child ?. Author Eleanor J. Bader, who wrote Homeless on Campus ? begins by telling the stories of four college students who are homeless. She also informs us that some students suffered from abuse, some were single parents, and some lost their jobs. She believes that service should be available to those who need it, but she realizes that the government and many universities are lacking that point. Eleanor J. Bader wishes to clear up the problem and provide help for college students who need it. In the song Changes ? Tupac says, Its time for us as a people to start makin some changes. Lets change the way we eat, lets change the way we live and lets change the way we treat each other. ? I felt like Eleanor J. Bader was trying to prove the same point like Tupac meant in his song. She wanted to make a difference to help people, and to make changes to the laws. In Peter Singers proposal Singer solution to solve poverty ?, he argues that the justly correct action is to donate any additional income that you gain, to children dying of poverty. He helps us comprehend our acknowledgment for the deaths of children in needy families by asking the reader to consider these situations and put these issues into real life. He gives examples of people doing harm to children, and how making money is their priority. When Peter Singer says Now you, too, have the information to save a childs life. How should you judge yourself if you dont do it? ? he is pleading and wants to make the readers understand his feelings for the poor children. He explains how money can be used in bad ways, but can also be for good use, like to help stop poverty. .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .postImageUrl , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:hover , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:visited , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:active { border:0!important; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:active , .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8dc9007f0580e181144b0a2ac80505ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music, Poetry, Passion.. EssayIn Tupacs song Changes ?, he explains that the world is becoming an unacceptable place to live in, and that we need to make changes on how we treat and show respect to other people. In conclusion, these stories have a very strong meaning and connection about racism and poverty. They show and describe how people suffered, and how they shouldve gotten help. In the song Changes ? Tupac says, Its time for us as a people to start makin some changes. Lets change the way we eat, lets change the way we live and lets change the way we treat each other, ? and I truly agree with that. Eleanor J. Bader was trying to do that, but she needed the support and approval from the university and the government. In the writing When I was a child ? explains some of the hardships African Americans went through in their life, and how terrible segregation was. In the proposal Singer solution to solve poverty ?, Singer argues that people should donate any additional money that they gain, to children dying of poverty. All three of these writings have similar meanings that match to the song Changes ? by Tupac. We should apply these good changes to our lives, so we can become better people. itiesow terrible segregration poverty. e good to

Review- Concept Of Cold War Arguments and Causes of War and Peace

Question: Writing in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Francis Fukuyama, John Mearsheimer, and Samuel Huntington reflected on the end of the Cold War and what this change might mean for world politics. Their arguments, provocative and controversial at the time, provide excellent examples of critical thinking and writing (but also give some insight into the weaknesses of different IR concepts and the dangers of attempting to predict the future). In reviewing these three important articles, you should: outline the articles key questions and central arguments; identify their underlying assumptions and key concepts; locate their place in the IR field (i.e. their theoretical and conceptual approaches) review the evidence they put forward to support their claims; and evaluate how well their arguments have explained the subsequent two decades of world politics Articles Under ReviewFukuyama, Francis. 1989. The End of History? Reproduced in Conflict after the Cold War: Arguments and Causes of War and Pea ce, 3rd ed., edited by Richard K. Betts, 617. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. Mearsheimer, John J. 1990. Why We Will Soon Miss the Cold War. Atlantic 266 (2): 3542. Huntington, Samuel P. 1993. The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 2249. Answer: Article Review and Analysis Introduction This study is based on the critical analysis of the articles written on the concept of cold war era by three eminent authors. The articles reviewed are The End of History? Reproduced in Conflict after the Cold War: Arguments and Causes of War and Peace by Francis Fukuyama (Betts 2008), Why We Will Soon Miss the Cold War by John J. Mearsheimer (Mearsheimer 1990) and The Clash of Civilizations? by Samuel P Huntington (Huntington 1993). As stated by Samuel Huntington, when the cold war was going on, it was observed that the world was split into three different worlds. Namely, the first, second and the third worlds. However, these divisions are not prevalent any more. In contemporary times, the countries are not grouped in accordance to the political or economic systems and are instead grouped according to their levels of culture and civilization. John J. Mearsheimer, on the other hand lays stress on the reasons on why people would actually miss the cold war after it has ended (Mearsheimer 1990). Finally the third author Francis Fukuyama bases his article on the question as to whether the end of the cold war meant the end of history. In this study the researcher examines and analyses the different aspects of the arguments put forward by the different scholars. Arguments and Assumptions Scholar Huntington discusses in this paper that when the cold war had began the Iron curtain had divided the country of Europe both in political as well as in ideological manner. When the Cold War ended this ideological division also disappeared and what emerged was the cultural division of Europe dividing it in Orthodox Christianity and Islam. The articles of Huntington make a framework on the future and divide the culture in the world into seven different and contemporary civilizations (Huntington 1993). These civilizations are Japanese, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American, Confucian, Western, Hindu and Latin American (Burgan 2001). Additionally, he also judged that the country of Africa to be one such country that comprises of a possible civilization which depends on the development that this country has made in terms of consciousness. Most of the divisions made by Huntington were mainly keeping in mind the cultural and religious differences. The other controversial article by John J. Mearsheimer primarily states that after quite a number of years it might be so that people would consider the cold war period to be a long peace period instead. It was considered that the manner in which the military and the power of the government would be distributed and characterized would actually define the actual reasons behind war and peace. During the cold war it is known that the world was bipolar and according to the author there was peace during this period due to this bipolarity (Magesa 2001). The distribution of power as roughly divided into two parts and both the militaries were of a more or less capable size (von Soest and Wahman). Additionally both the super powers had very large nuclear weapon that could destroy countries. The controversial article on the end of history by Francis Fukuyama covered the issue that the end of the Cold War meant the end of world history. With the end of the Cold War the limits of the alternatives of the liberalism such as the concepts of the fascism or monarchy or communism fell all over in the internal disagreements. During these times capitalism and democracy won over the points of communism in order to achieve human ideology as well as institution. Critical Analysis of the different approaches of the authors The three articles even though have covered the same area of cold war the approach of the authors have been quite different. For instance the in the article by Fukuyama, the analysis can be divided into two folds. The first being the philosophical investigation done on human nature and the normal logic of Universal history and the second is the description given by the author of the world politics of the post cold war era. Nevertheless, it must also be noted that these two elements of philosophical and empirical and political elements have been so well mixed and that they blend with each other in such a manner that when these two elements are argued and conversed singularly they tend to act against each other (Matlock 2010). In this thesis by the author the extremely complex and artificial framework is brought forward along with other great scholars. The author Fukuyama also pledges on the idealism by scholar Hegel and moral philosophy by scholar Kant and finally argues that his writing is extremely idealistic and normative (Appelqvist 2008). Author Huntington in his article discusses that at the micro level, with regard to the ideological disagreements between the broadminded democracy and communism there are chances of a number of future conflicts that might occur in the borders between the civilizations. At the macro level he states that in future there might be clashes taking place between the different states having different civilizations in order to control the international institutions and for the economic and military powers (Wesscholar.wesleyan.edu 2010). The author further considers these future predictions on a mixture of the conflicts to be normal and further asserts that arrival of the nations states would actually be an event in the world that is dominated in most of the times by the conflicting histories between different civilizations. Nevertheless, this would rather be a doubtful consideration since these conflicts between two or more civilizations are primarily driven by the geographical and teh politi cal elements instead of the cultural differences and this can be stated as an equally influential method to view the history. The third author Mearsheimer in his article considers this cold war period to be a more peaceful period since this bipolar world demanded loyalty from the other minor powers which then can be secured from the other minor powers and they are also protected from any attack from the other rival major powers. He states that when there are a number of big powers and there exists a multi-polar system, it becomes difficult to avoid the powers since when irregularities between the powers the stronger powers can be extremely difficult to avoid. The bigger powers will get a chance to bully the weaker powers whereas in the bipolar system of world there will be no chance of such a thing (Olesen 2008) (Schlesinger 1992). Further in a multi-polar system it would be difficult to calculate the size and strength of the countries and would mainly be due to the reason that the international order would never be constant and would always be subject to changes. In order to determine the stability of the powers it is necessary to determine the size of the vacuum that exists between the military powers of the two leading countries. Huntington states that when the gaps are small it promotes peace and when there are larger gaps it tends to promote war. He further states that nuclear weapons would actually be more a powerful force for peace. The two decades of World Politics The author in his article The Clash of Civilizations seemed to have rejected the other author Fukuyamas article on end of history. This was primarily because according to Huntington Fukuyamas article was more of a delusion of harmony (Wesscholar.wesleyan.edu 2010). Huntington, on the other hand, considered with the end of the cold war the conflicts existing with the Western civilizations would also end and a new era of conflicts between civilizations would begin in return. Nevertheless, it must be noted that both the authors attempted to draw a historical implication from the result of the Cold War and also tried to figure out a huge theory of history. Considering the entire scenario, for Huntington the post cold war time was representing a watershed and for Fukuyama this view was tempered with different qualifications. Mearsheimer, who is usually called a realist but with offensive views held that international relations can be best conquered by the bipolar world as it will also avoid the indulgence with nuclear powers. Mearsheimer, further had predicted that with the end of the Cold War most probably the continent of Europe would again become a very unstable multi-polar system (Theatlantic.com 2015) (Saull 2013). In order to avoid this, the author suggested that there should be an increase in the nuclear proliferation in the continent (Theatlantic.com 2015). Mearsheimer, had also predicted that there would be some structural and powerful imperatives of the international systems. Conclusion For Huntington, the end of the Cold War era implies that there was a watershed in the history and for Fukuyama there tends to be shift in the patterns of international relations. However, it has been observed that as a result of the ambitions of these authors both the patterns have been criticized by most scholars and has also been generally misunderstood individually as well as when compared together. With regard to Mearsheimer, it must be noted that he did not study the Middle East and it may be understood that these authors were trying to solve a problem that was more or less imaginary. References Appelqvist, Orjan. 2008. 'Rediscovering Uncertainty: Early Attempts At A Pan-European Post-War Recovery'.Cold War History8 (3): 327-352. doi:10.1080/14682740802222130. Betts, Richard K. 2008. 'The End Of History? Reproduced In Conflict After The Cold War: Arguments And Causes Of War And Peace'.Muni. https://is.muni.cz/do/fss/57816/40125114/Betts_-_Conflict_After_the_Cold_War_1-167.pdf. Burgan, Michael. 2001.Cold War. Austin, TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn. Clark, Ian. 2001.The Post Cold War Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Clark, Ian. 2001.The Post Cold War Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Huntington, Samuel P. 1993. 'The Clash Of Civilizations?'.Foreign Affairs72 (3): 2249. Magesa, Laurenti. 2001. 'Mission In The Post Cold War Era Considerations For The 21St Century'.Exchange30 (1): 197-217. doi:10.1163/157254301x00129. Matlock, Jack. 2010. '1989: The Struggle To Create Post-Cold War Europe'.Cold War History10 (4): 575-578. doi:10.1080/14682745.2010.513512. Mearsheimer, John J. 1990. 'Why We Will Soon Miss The Cold War'.Atlantic266 (2): 3542. Olesen, Thorsten. 2008. 'Under The National Paradigm: Cold War Studies And Cold War Politics In Post-Cold War Norden'.Cold War History8 (2): 189-211. doi:10.1080/14682740802018686. Saull, Richard. 2013. 'Constructing A PostWar Order: The Rise Of US Hegemony And The Origins Of The Cold War (London: I.B. Tauris, 2011), 327 Pp.'.Cold War History13 (4): 566-567. doi:10.1080/14682745.2013.849022. Schlesinger, James. 1992. 'Quest For A Post-Cold War Foreign Policy'.Foreign Affairs72 (1): 17. doi:10.2307/20045494. Theatlantic.com,. 2015. 'Why We Will Soon Miss The Cold War - 90.08'. Accessed February 25. https://www.theatlantic.com/past/politics/foreign/mearsh.htm. von Soest, Christian, and Michael Wahman. 'Sanctions And Democratization In The Post-Cold War Era'.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2206849. Wesscholar.wesleyan.edu,. 2010. 'Revisiting Fukuyama: The End Of History, The Clash Of Civilizations, And The Age Of Empire'. https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1405context=etd_hon_theses.